UC-NRLF 


MONO  GAS 


ONE  HORSE- POWER 

ONE  HOUR 

ONE   POUND  OF  COAL 


R.  D.  WOOD  &  Co. 

PHILADELPHIA,  U.  S.  A. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THR 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


GIFT  OF 


Class 


MONO  GAS. 


R.  D.  WOOD  &  CO. 

«* 
PHILADELPHIA. 


Foundries  and  Works: 

Millville, 
Florence,  }•  N.  J. 
Camden, 


Engineers, 

Iron  Founders, 

Machinists. 


WOOD  BUILDING,  400  CHESTNUT  STREET. 


CONSTRUCTORS    OF 


GAS  PRODUCERS 


AND 


PRODUCER  GAS  POWER  PLANTS. 


CABLB  ADDRESS : 
"Tuckahoe,"  Philadelphia. 

CODES.— A  B  C  Code,  4th  Edition, 

Lieber's  Code,  1896 

Premier  Code, 

A  i  Code, 

Walkin's  Code, 

Postal  Directory  Code, 

Manufacturer's  Export  Code— Seeger's, 

Western  Union  Telegraphic  Code, 
Anglo-American  Telegraphic  Code. 


1903. 


Established  1801. 


4-  03-1500. 


COPYRIGHT,  1903,  by  R.  D.  WOOD  &  CO. 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 
Leading  Specialties: 

R.  D.  WOOD  &  CO. 

PHILADELPHIA. 

WORKS  :    MILLVILLE,  FLORENCE  AND  CAMDEN,  NEW  JERSEY. 


A  MONO   the    leading    specialties    manufactured    by    R.    D.    WOOD    &   Co.,    Philadelphia,    in 
**•     addition  to  "MONO    GAS    PLANTS"    are   the   following: 

Cast  Iron  Pipe — all  kinds  and  sizes,  i"  to  72". 

Fire  Hydrants — The  "Mathews." 

Valves  for  water,  gas,  etc. 

Valve  Indicator  Posts,  Patented. 

Valves — Large  Diameters,  Geared  and  Power. 

Valves — Foot  and  Check. 

Sluice  Gates,  Intakes  and  Screens. 

Tanks,  Towers  and  Stand-Pipes. 

Gas  Holders  and  Gas  Apparatus. 

Gas  Producers — "Taylor,"  Patented,  with  or  without  Automatic 

Feed. 

Gas  Producer  Plants  for  Operating  Gas  Engines. 
Sugar  House  Work. 
Castings  for  Chemical  Works. 
Turbines  and  Power  Pumps. 
Hydraulic  Tools  and.  Machinery. 
High  Duty  Pumping  Engines. 
Centrifugal  Pumps. 

Heavy  Special  Machinery — to  designs  of  purchasers. 
Loam  Castings. 

See  advertisements,  pages  4  to  6  and  99  to  104. 

110372 


/?.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


PUMPS. 


Large  power-driven  pumps  for  water  works  and  irrigation  service,  arranged 

to  be  operated  by  electric  motors,  turbines  or  other  power ; 

direct  connected,  geared,  belted  or  rope  driven ; 

both  duplex  and  triplex  pattern. 


A'.   D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


Hydraulic  Tools,  Cranes  and  Machinery. 


Multiple  Power  Hydraulic  Plate  Shear. 

154"  between  housings — knives  181"  long  to  cut  all  thicknesses  of  plate  up  to  2" 

(Send  for  Hydraulic  Tool  Catalogue.) 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


TAYLOR  GAS  PRODUCERS. 

WITH   INCLOSED  CONE  ASH   DISCHARGE 
OR  WATER  SEAL  BOTTOM. 

(SEND    FOR    TAYLOR    GAS    PRODUCER    PAMPHLET.) 


For  Steel 
Works, 


Kilns,  etc. 


For 

Chemical 
Works, 

Glass 
Works, 

Muffles, 
etc. 


No.  8  TAYLOR  PRODUCER  WITH  CONTINUOUS  AUTOMATIC 
FEED  AND  WATER  SEAL  BOTTOM. 


PREFACE. 


IN  presenting  this  publication,  illustrating  and  describing  the  Mond  Producer 
Gas  Process,  we  feel  that  we  are  simply  making  another  step  forward  in 
the  work  we  have  been  doing  for  Producer  Gas  for  some  years  past. 

It  is  our  conviction  that  in  no  one  direction  can  the  great  problem  ot 
cheap  power  and  heat  be  so  well  solved  as  in  this. 

In  the  larger  plants  hereinafter  described,  the  saving  of  by-products 
lends  a  most  important  aid,  and  therefore  we  have  turned  to  Dr.  Mond,  who 
of  all  scientists  has  most  successfully  worked  out  this  problem,  and  have 
secured  from  him  the  right  for  the  manufacture  of  his  process  in  this  country. 

This  publication  is  largely  a  reprint  of  the  English  work  which  illustrates 
several  plants  in  most  successful  operation  there. 

The  engineering  data  is  almost  wholly  the  result  of  practical  work  and 
experiments  conducted  by  Herbert  A.  Humphrey,  A.  M.  I.  C.  E.,  M.  I.  Mech.  E. 
and  I.  E.  E. 

PHILADELPHIA,  April,   1903. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

MONO  GAS — WHAT  Is  IT  ? 9 

STANDARD  MONO  GAS  INSTALLATIONS 9 

THE 'FIRST  INSTALLATION  OF  MONO  GAS  AND  ITS  SUBSEQUENT  DEVELOPMENT n 

LIST  OF  MOND  GAS  INSTALLATIONS 12 

SOME  ADVANTAGES  OF  USING  MONO  GAS  AND  SOME  FACTS  ABOUT  IT 15 

THE  PROCESS  OF  PRODUCTION  OF  MONO  GAS  AND  THE  RECOVERY  OF  AMMONIA  THEREFROM  21 

TYPICAL  WORKING  FIGURES  OF  MOND  GAS  INSTALLATIONS  35 

MONO  GAS  IN  GAS  ENGINES 40 

TABLES  OF  RESULTS  RECORDED 42 

STEAM  RAISING  BY  THE  EXHAUST  GASES  FROM  GAS  ENGINES 45 

LIST  OF  BUILDERS  OF  LARGE  GAS  ENGINES     45 

MOND  GAS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION  FROM  CENTRAL  STATIONS   49 

MOND  GAS  FOK  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS 53 

ECONOMY  OF  GAS  ENGINES  FOR  CENTRAL  STATIONS   55 

WORKING  ESTIMATE  OF  A  20,600  E.H.P.  CENTRAL  STATION 56 

GAS  ENGINES  FOR  DRIVING  DYNAMOS 58 

GAS  ENGINES  RUNNING  ALTERNATORS  IN  PARALLEL   58 

THE  NORTHWICH  ELECTRIC  SUPPLY  COMPANY 61 

THE  TRAFFORD  POWER  AND  LIGHT  SUPPLY  COMPANY 63 

MOND  GAS  FOR  STEEL  MAKING 69 

MOND  GAS,  OTHER  APPLICATIONS. 75 

SULPHATE  OF  AMMONIA 81 

MISCELLANEOUS  REPRINTS 91 

INDEX  95 


£.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 

"MONO  GAS"— WHAT  IS  IT? 

EFFICIENCY,  CLEANLINESS,  ECONOMY. 


It  is  to  the  Progressive  Manufacturer  the  Last  Word  upon  these  three  All-Important 

Considerations. 


EFFICIENCY  is  obtained  by  the  conversion  of  the  fuel  into  the  form  in  which  it  can  be 
utilized  to  the  best  advantage,  uniformly  representing  the  maximum  heat  energy  obtainable 
therefrom. 

CLEANLINESS  naturally  follows  with  the  abolition  of  the  smoke  nuisance;  there'is  no 
chimney  and  no  smoke,  and  that  which  formerly  caused  the  nuisance  is  transformed  within  the 
apparatus  to  combustible  gas,  and  duly  supplied  to  the  gas  engines  or  to  the  furnaces. 

ECONOMY  results  from  every  pound  of  fuel  being  utilized  at  its  full  strength,  without  waste ; 
from  the  use  of  common  coal  or  dross  instead  of  expensive  steam  coal;  and  from  the  large  pro- 
portionate reduction  in  wages.  In  large  installations  the  ammonia  obtainable  from  the  fuel 
enables  the  consumer  to  save  a  large  proportion  of  its  original  cost. 

No  manufacturer  who  recognises  the  necessity  of  keeping  abreast  of  the  times  can  afford  to 
ignore  "Aland  Gas,"  for  it  reduces  the  all-important  cost  of  production. 


STANDARD  MOND  GAS  INSTALLATIONS. 

WITHOUT  THE  APPARATUS  FOR  RECOVERY  OF  AMMONIA. 

Approximate  equivalent 
in  Indicated  Horse  Power. 

Daily  Fuel  Consumption  (per  24  hours) 2l/2  gross  tons 250 

5  "  "    500 

IO  "     I.OOO 

"  •'  20  "    2,000 

3°  "    3,000 

WITH  THE  APPARATUS  FOR  RECOVERY  OF  AMMONIA. 

Daily  Fuel  Consumption  (per  24  hours) 30  gross  tons 3,ooo 

40  "  " 4,000 

"  60  "  "  6,000 

80  "  "  8,000 

•'                                                                loo      "         "    10,000 

We  will  be  glad  to  prepare  estimates  and  submit  propositions  for  complete  Mond  gas  instal- 
lations for  either  heating  or  power. 


10 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


THE  ORIGIN  OF  MONO  GAS. 


VIEW  IN   MESSRS.  BRUNNER,  MONO  &  CO.'S  WORKS  AT  NORTHWICH,  CHESHIRE,  ENGLAND, 

SHOWING  THE  MONO  GAS  PLANT. 


MOND  gas  is  the  outcome  of  many  years  of  scientific  research  and  of  practical  work  upon 
the  largest  industrial  scale.     The  processes  for  its  production,  and  for  the  recovery  of 
ammonia  therefrom,  were  patented  by  Dr.  Ludwig  Mond,  F.R.S.,  and  developed  at  the 
works  of  Messrs.  Brunner,  Mond  &  Co.,  at  Northwich,  Cheshire,  England,  where  about  700,000 
tons  of  slack  coal  have  already  been  dealt  with  in  gas  producers  under  the  control  of  the  patentee. 
The  experience  gained  in  operating  upon  so  large  a  quantity  of  fuel  has  resulted  in  the  perfect- 
ing of  the  plant  and  apparatus  employed,  and  has  placed  this  process  far  beyond  the  realm  of 
experiment. 


/?.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A.  n 


THE  FIRST  INSTALLATION  OF  MONO  GAS  AND  ITS 
SUBSEQUENT  DEVELOPMENT. 


THE  first  apparatus  for  the  conversion  into  combustible  gas  of  bituminous  small  coal,  com- 
monly known  as  slack,  and  for  the  simultaneous  recovery  in  the  form  of  sulphate  of 
ammonia  of  the  most  important  of  the  by-products  obtainable  therefrom,  designed  by 
Dr.  Ludwig  Mond,  F.R.S.,  was  constructed  and  put  into  operation  at  Messrs.  Brunner,  Mond 
&  Co.'s  Works  at  Northwich,  Cheshire,  England,  and  was  intended  to  gasify  a  few  hundred- 
weights of  small  coal  per  hour.  From  this  relatively  small  beginning  the  gas  producer  plant 
at  Northwich  was  step  by  step  enlarged  and  extended  in  order  to  meet  the  ever-increasing 
calls  that  were  made  upon  it  as  it's  many  advantages  were  recognized  and  appreciated,  until 
at  the  present  time  it  is  capable  of  gasifying  daily  some  250  tons  of  slack,  from  each  ton  of 
which  there  is  obtained  the  ammonia  equivalent  of  about  90  pounds  of  sulphate  of  ammonia, 
and  from  140,000  to  160,000  cubic  feet  of  Mond  gas,  equal  to  about  37,000,000  cubic  feet  per 
day.  The  immense  volume  of  gas  thus  generated  day  by  day  is  employed  in  a  variety  of  ways : 
it  provides  fuel  for  heating  and  evaporation,  and  in  addition  to  being  put  to  various  other  uses 
suited  to  the  special  requirements  of  the  chemical  industry  there  carried  on,  including  some  of 
the  most  important  operations  of  the  works,  dependent  for  their  success  upon  the  absolute  re- 
liability and  constancy  of  the  gas,  it  also  provides  fuel  for  the  large  gas  engines  that  are  used 
for  the  generation  of  electricity  for  the  works  and  for  lighting  the  neighboring  township  of 
Northwich. 


12 


D.    Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,    U.  S.  A. 


LIST  OF  MONO  GAS   INSTALLATIONS. 


THE  following   list  will  show  where  the  Mond  gas  plants  are  either  in  active  operation,  or 
where  the  installation  of  the  necessary  plant  is  in  progress ;  and  some  idea  of  the  extent 
of  the  operations  involved  may  be  gathered  from  the  following  figures,  which  show  at  a 
glance  the  daily  coal  capacity  of  each  installation,   together   with   the   equivalent   horse   power 
obtainable  from  the  gas  so  produced : 

Coal  Capacity.  Indicated 

Tons  per  Day.  Horse  Power. 

Messrs.  Brunner,  Mond  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  North wich 250  25,000 

Messrs.  The  South  Staffordshire  Mond  Gas  Co.  (first  station  only) 160  16,000 

Compania  General  de  Productos  Quimicos  del  Aboiio,  Gijon,  Spain....     120  12,000 

The  Salt  Union,  Ltd.,  Liverpool 120  12,000 

The  Solvay  Process  Co.,  Detroit,  U.  S.  A. 120  12,000 

Messrs.  The  Farnley  Iron  Co.,  Ltd.,  Leeds   120  12,000 

Messrs.  The  Castner-Kellner  Alkali  Co.,  Ltd.,  Runcorn,  Cheshire 100  10.000 

Messrs.  The  Trafford  Power  and  Light  Co.,  Ltd.,  near   Manchester. .       80  8,000 

Messrs.  Albright  &  Wilson,  Ltd.,  Oldbury 60  6,000 

Messrs.  Monks,  Hall  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  Warrington 40  4,000 

Messrs.  D.  &  W.  Henderson  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  Glasgow 20  2.000 

Messrs.  Cochrane  &  Co.,  Dudley 20  2,000 

The  Great  Southern  Railway  Co.,  Buenos  Aires 20  2,000 

Messrs.  Ashmore,  Benson,  Pease  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  Stockton-on-Tees   (The 

Power-Gas    Corporation's    Works) 15  1,500 

The  Premier  Gas  Engine  Co.,  Ltd.,  Nottingham 10  1,000 

Messrs.  Handyside  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  Derby 10  1,000 

Messrs.  The  United  Turkey  Red  Co.,  Ltd.,  Alexandria,  N.  B TO  1,000 

The  Railway  and  General  Engineering  Co.,  Ltd.,  Nottingham 10  1,000 

Messrs.  Tweedales  &  Smalley,  Castleton,  Manchester 10  1,000 

Messrs.   Cadbury  Bros.,   Ltd.,   Birmingham 5  500 

Messrs.  Crossley  Bros.,  Ltd.,  Manchester   5  500 

The  University,  Birmingham 5  500 

NOTH.— i  ton=224o  Ibs. 


SOME  OF  THE  ADVANTAGES 
OF  MONO  GAS. 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


SOME  ADVANTAGES  OF  USING  MONO  GAS  AND  SOME 

FACTS  ABOUT  IT. 

MOND  gas  is  produced  from  the  cheapest  quality  of  coal,  namely,  slack  or  dross,  thus 
obviating  all  necessity  of  expensive  steam  coal  for  the  generation  of  power  in  the 
works. 

The  amount  of  labor  required  for  the  production  of  Mond  gas  is  extremely  small. 

The  heating  value  of  Mond  gas  is  equal  to  from  81  per  cent,  to  86  per  cent,  of  the  total 
heat  energy  contained  in  the  fuel  used  for  its  production. 

The  cost  of  Mond  Gas,  when  produced  on  a  large  scale,  is  less  than  i  cent  (-J  of  a 
penny)  per  thousand  cubic  feet. 

One  gross  ton  of  rough  slack  produces  about  140,000  cubic  feet  of  Mond  gas  of  a  calorific 
value  of  140  B.T.U.  per  cubic  foot. 

The  quantity  of  Mond  gas  required  to  produce  an  indicated  h'orse-power  hour  in  a  large 
gas  engine  is  about  60  cubic  feet. 

When  converted  into  Mond  gas  and  used  in  a  large  gas  engine,  one  ton  of  slack  gasified  is 
sufficient  to  produce  about  2500  indicated  horse-power  hours,  or  2500  horse  power  for  one  hour. 

Mond  gas  is  the  best  for  gas  engines,  because  they  require  a  clean  gas  of  regular  quality. 
It  is  interesting  to  note  that  a  gas  engine  of  150  horse  power  which,  when  running  with  ordi- 
nary town  gas,  had  to  be  stopped  every  fortnight  to  be  cleaned,  has  been  kept  running  with 
Mond  gas,  day  and  night,  for  six  months  without  stoppage.  For  some  particulars  of  other 
actual  results  obtained,  see  pages  42  to  44. 

In  every  steam  plant  working  with  a  variable  or  intermittent  load,  a  considerable  proportion 
of  the  fuel  consumed  is  wasted.  Some  loss  under  this  head  is  unavoidable,  but  the  employment 
of  Mond  gas  reduces  such  stand-by  losses  to  a  minimum. 

Mond  gas  is,  therefore,  very  advantageous  for  intermittent  working.  The  stand-by  losses 
of  a  looo  horse-power  plant  are  about  224  pounds  of  fuel  per  night  of  14  hours. 

When  standing  for  eight  days,  the  stand-by  losses  of  a  1000  horse-power  Mond  gas  plant 
are  at  the  rate  of  only  about  "j\  pounds  per  hour,  and  the  plant  can  be  restarted  in  a  few 
minutes. 

After  the  week-end  stoppage,  the  time  required  for  starting  is  only  three  minutes  for 
a  Mond  gas  plant  generating  1000  horse  power. 

The  total  capacity  of  the  installations  already  in  operation  and  now  in  course  of  construc- 
tion (October,  1902)  is  270,000,000  cubic  feet  of  Mond  gas  pei*  day. 

The  fuel  cost  of  an  indicated  horse-power  hour,  obtained  from  a  gas  engine  running 
with  Mond  gas  generated  from  slack  at  $1.45  (6s.)  per  ton,  is  ^\  of  a  cent  (^  of  a  penny). 

By  using  Mond  gas  in  gas  engines  a  given  quantity  of  fuel  will  produce  about  four  times 
the  power  obtainable  from  it  with  ordinary  steam  engines. 

Mond   gas   has   passed   out   of   its   experimental  stage. 

Gas  engines  producing  18,000  horse  power  are  running  with  Mond  gas  at  the  present  time. 


1 6  R.   D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,    U.  S.  A. 

The  Mond  gas  plant  in  the  works  of  Messrs.  Brunner,  Mond  &  Co.,  of  Northwich,  is 
capable  of  producing  about  37,000,000  cubic  feet  per  day. 

The  employment  of   Mond  gas  abolishes  the  smoke  nuisance. 

The  distribution  of  Mond  gas  to  the  power  house  or  into  the  furnaces,  etc.,  bv  means  of 
ordinary  pipes  obviates  the  necessity  for  carrying  coal  and  ashes  through  the  works. 

Mond  gas  is  delivered  cool  and  clean  from  the  apparatus,  and  can  be  carried  considerable 
distances,  and  delivered  at  any  number  of  places. 

Mond  gas  is  regular  in  composition,  and  the  supply  from  the  producers  can  be  regulated 
in  accordance  with  the  variable  requirements  of  the  engines,  stoves  or  furnaces,  thus  prevent- 
ing waste. 

By  recovering  the  sulphate  of  ammonia  from  Mond  gas  a  large  proportion  of  the  initial 
cost  of  the  fuel  is  saved.  Seventy  per  cent,  of  the  nitrogen  contained  in  the  fuel  is  converted 
into  ammonia  and  recovered,  this  being  about  four  times  as  much  as  is  obtained  in  ordinary  gas 
works. 

The  commercial  value  and  the  agricultural  uses  of  sulphate  of  ammonia  are  briefly  referred 
to  on  pages  81  and  82. 

Owing  to  its  cleanliness  and  regular  composition,  Mond  gas  is  invaluable  in  all  heating 
operations  in  which  the  flame  comes  into  direct  contact  with  the  products  to  be  heated,  such  as 
glass,  china,  glazed  earthenware,  etc. 

The  use  of  Mond  gas  in  a  furnace  insures  the  maintenance  of  a  perfectly  even  temperature. 

Mond  gas  is  an  ideal  gas  for  metallurgical  purposes,  an  oxidizing  or  reducing  flame  being 
obtainable  at  will. 

Mond  gas  contains  a  higher  percentage  of  hydrogen  and  a  smaller  percentage  of  carbon 
monoxide  than  most  other  producer  gases,  and  is  therefore  less  poisonous. 

By  employing  regeneration,  extremely  high  temperatures  are  easily  obtained. 

The  employment  of  Mond  gas  reduces  repairs  to  a  minimum.  The  life  of  boilers  fired 
by  Mond  gas  is  lengthened,  and  the  case  of  some  large  cast-iron  pans  under  which  the  flames 
pass  and  through  which  the. heat  is  transmitted  may  be  quoted.  With  gas-firing  they  now 
last  four  times  as  long  as  formerly,  and  the  output  of  the  furnace  during  this  process  is  more' 
than  quadrupled. 


PROCESS  OF  THE  PRODUCTION 

OF  MONO  GAS  AND  THE  RECOVERY  OF 

AMMONIA  THEREFROM. 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


21 


THE  PROCESS  OF  THE  PRODUCTION  OF  MONO  GAS, 

AND   OF  THE   RECOVERY   OF  AMMONIA  THEREFROM. 

THE   following  description   and   the   accompanying   diagram  of   the    method  of   production 
of   Moncl   gas,   with  the   recovery   of  ammonia   therefrom,   will   serve  to   make   it   easily 
understood,  and  the  illustrations  from  installations  already  in  operation  will  give  an  idea 
of  the  plant  and  apparatus  employed. 

Wherever  possible  the  slack  to  be  gasified  is  discharged  direct  from  the  railway  trucks  into 
an  elevator  boot. 


REGENERATORS  AT   MESSRS.   BRUNNER,  MONTD  &  CO.'S  CHEMICAL  WORKS 
AT    NORTHWICH. 


From  this  boot  the  slack  is  mechanically  conveyed  to  the  storage  hoppers.  The  first  of  the 
two  succeeding  illustrations  shows  a  typical  coal  elevator  and  conveyor;  the  second,  on  the 
opposite  page,  a  set  of  storage  hoppers,  showing  their  position  above  the  gas  producers.  From 
these  coal  hoppers  the  slack  is  fed  into  the  producers,  where  the  combustible  matter  is  converted 


22 


D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


into  gas.  Our  illustrations  from  the  installation  at  Messrs.  Hrunner,  Monti  &  Co.'s  Wilmington 
works  give  a  very  good  idea  of  the  appearance  of  the  producers. 

The  producer  is  provided  with  a  water  seal,  and  is  so  constructed  as  to  allow  the  ash,  which 
is  the  only  residue,  to  descend  into  the  water,  from  which  it  is  easily  removed  without  inter- 
fering in  any  way  with  the  working  of  the  producer. 

The  process  of  combustion  in  the  producer  is  carried  out  at  a  comparatively  low  temperature, 
with  the  twofold  object  of  preventing  the  formation  of  clinkers  in  the  producer  and  of  providing 
against  the  destruction  of  the  ammonia.  This  is  accomplished  by  introducing  into  the  producer 
a  blast  of  hot  air  and  steam.  The  quantity  of  steam  required,  when  it  is  desired  to  recover 


THE   COAL  ELEVATOR   AND   CONVEYOR   AT   THE   FARNLEY   IRON   WORKS, 

NEAR   LEEDS. 


the  ammonia  from  the  gas,  is  equal  to  two  and  a  half  tons  for  every  ton  of  fuel  gasified,  but 
of  this  about  one  ton  is  automatically  recovered  in  the  way  hereafter  described,  and  this  is 
used  over  and  over  again.  In  the  case  of  installations  where  it  is  not  proposed  to  recover 
ammonia,  the  quantity  of  steam  necessary  is  reduced  to  about  one  ton  for  each  ton  of  fuel 
gasified. 


A'.   D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


After  leaving  the  producer  the  gas  passes  through  a  regenerator  so  arranged  that  part  of 
the  heat  of  the  gas  and  steam  entering  it  is  transferred  to  the  blast  of  air  and  steam  on  its 
way  from  the  air-heating  tower  to  the  producer,  the  gas  being  consequently  cooled  to  a  corre- 
sponding extent. 

The  gas  is  then  delivered  into  a  mechanical  jyasher,  a  rectangular  iron  chamber,  where  it 
is  thoroughly  washed  with  water  thrown  up  into  a  fine  spray  by  a  system  of  rapidly  revolving 
dashers.  I!v  the  intimate  contact  thus  obtained  with  the  water  the  temperature  of  the  gas  is 


GENERAL  VIEW  OF   THE    MONO   GAS   INSTALLATION   AT   THE  WORKS   OF   THE   SOLVAY   PROCESS 

COMPANY,  DETROIT,  U.  S.  A. 


further  reduced,  and  all  the  dust  and  sooty  substances  are  washed  out  of  it.  These  are  easily 
removed  by  an  arrangement  of  lutes  in  the  side  of  the  washers,  as  shown  in  our  illustrations. 
After  the  gas  has  thus  been  washed,  the  next  step  is  the  recovery  of  the  ammonia  contained  in 
it,  and  for  that  purpose  the  gas  passes  through  the  acid  tower.  The  two  views  on  pages  29  and  30 
show  the  acid  tower,  the  air-heating  tower  and  the  gas-cooling  tower  while  in  course  of  erection 
at  the  Farnley  Iron  Company's  works,  near  Leeds,  England. 


24  R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 

While  the  gas  is  passing  through  the  acid  tower,  the  ammonia  is  almost  completely  washed 
out  by  a  weak  solution  of  sulphuric  acid,  with  which  it  enters  into  combination,  thus  forming 
sulphate  of  ammonia.  This  acid  solution  of  sulphate  of  ammonia  circulates  through  the  acid 
tower  again  and  again,  until  it  contains  from  36  to  38  per  cent,  of  sulphate  of  ammonia.  In 
order  to  provide  for  the  continuity  of  the  process,  fresh  supplies  of  sulphuric  acid  are  from 
time  to  time  added,  and  corresponding  quantities  of  the  sulphate  liquor  are  withdrawn  and 
evaporated,  thus  yielding  solid  sulphate  of  ammonia  of  good  quality,  which  finds  a  ready  sale. 

The  gas  having  now  given  up  its  ammonia,  is  next  passed  through  the  gas-cooling  tower, 
where  it  is  subjected  to  a  further  cooling  and  cleaning  by  means  of  a  downward  flow  of  cold 
water.  It  is  then  ready  for  use,  and  passes  direct  into  the  mains  leading  to  the  works. 

As  the  gas  is  cooled  in  this  tower,  the  steam  with  which  it  was  burdened  becomes  con- 
densed, and  the  water  which  entered  the  tower  as  cold  water  is  delivered  from  it  as  hot  water, 


SOME   GAS   PRODUCERS   AT    MESSRS.    BkUNNER,   MONO  &  CO.'S 
CHEMICAL   WORKS,  WINNINGTON.  CHESHIRE. 

and  this,  after  passing  through  a  vessel  suitably  constructed  for  separating  the  tar  which  is 
mixed  with  it,  is  again  pumped  to  the  top  of  the  neighboring  air-heating  tower,  when  it  serves 
to  heat  the  air  blast  required  for  the  producer. 

Into  this  air-heating  tower  a  blast  of  air  is  forced  by  a  blower,  and  its  contact  with  the 
descending  stream  of  hot  water  results  in  the  production  of  a  hot-air  blast  saturated  with  vapor 
which  is  duly  carried  into  the  regenerator  and  thence  delivered  into  the  producers,  as  already 
described.  The  water  which  was  delivered  hot  into  the  top  of  the  air-heating  tower,  after 
having  transferred  its  heat  to  the  air  blast,  is  drawn  off  sufficiently  cold  at  the  bottom  to  be 
returned  to  the  top  of  the  gas-cooling  tower  to  repeat  its  cycle  of  utility. 

This  method  of  continuously  employing  the  water  in  circulation  as  the  heat-carrying  agent 
between  the  hot  gas  in  one  tower  and  the  cold  air  in  another,  and  the  method  of  recovering 


A5.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Phil  a  dc  Ip  Ilia,   Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


VIEW    OF    THE    MOND    GAS    PLANT    AT    MESSRS.   MONKS,    HALL    &    CO.'S    WORKS    AT    WARRINGTON, 
SHOWING  THE  PRODUCERS  AND  REGENERATORS. 


26 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


from  the  hot. gas,  by  this  continuous  cyclical  exchange  of  heat,  a  large  proportion  of  the  steam 
required   for   the   producer   blast,   form   distinctive   features   in   the   economy  of  the  process. 


VIEW  OF  THE  MOND  GAS  PLANT  AT  THE  WORKS  OF  THE  UNITED  TUKKKV  RHU  COMPANY,  LTD., 

ALEXANDRIA,  NEAR  GLASGOW,  SCOTLAND, 
(SHOWING  THE    WATER-SEAL    TO    THE    PRODUCER). 


A'.   /).    U'ood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A.  27 


MECHANICAL.  GAS  WASHER  AT  MESSRS.  BRUNNER,  MONO  &  CO.'S  CHEMICAL  WORKS 

AT   NORTHWICH. 


SMALL   MONO   GAS   WASHERS 

AT   MESSRS.   CROSSLEY    BROTHERS'   ENGINEERING   WORKS, 
OPENSHAW,  MANCHESTER. 


28 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


a 
H 


c, 

C 
U 


Pu 
PU 

P 


U 


Q 
U, 

o 


«  w 

^  S 

U    W 


il 


Q 
a! 

2 


r 
3 

o 
J 


K 

o 


K 


o 


R.   D.    Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,    U.  S.  A.  29 


ACID,  AIR  HEATING  AND  GAS  COOLING  TOWERS. 
(FARNLEY  IRON  CO.'S  PLANT.) 


30  R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,    U.  S.  A. 


ACID,  AIR  HEATING  AND  GAS  COOLING  TOWERS. 
(FARNLEY  IRON  CO.'S  PLANT.) 


R.   D.    Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,   Pa.,    U.  S.  A. 


INTERIOR  OF   THE  PUMP    HOUSE   AT   THE   FARNLEY    IRON   WORKS,    NEAR    LEEDS. 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S. 


TYPICAL  WORKING  FIGURES 
OF  MONO  GAS  INSTALLATIONS. 


(1)  WITH  AMMONIA  RECOVERY. 

(2)  WITHOUT  AMMONIA  RECOVERY. 

(3)  COMPARATIVE  ANALYSIS  OF  GASES. 


/?.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A.                 tf 

TYPICAL  FIGURES  OF  A  20,000   HORSE-POWER  MOND  GAS   INSTALLA- 
TION, WITH   AMMONIA   RECOVERY. 

Slack  as  Calculated  on 

Average  Analysis  of  Fuel  (by  weight) —                                                received.  dry  slack. 

- Per  cent.  Per  cent. 

Moisture  at  100°  C.  (212°  F.) 8.60  nil. 

Volatile  matter  (excluding  carbon) 18.29  20.01 

Total   carbon    62.69  68.59 

Ash    10.42  11.40 


100.00  100.00 
Analysis  of  Ashes  leaving  the  Producer— 

Per  cent. 

Ash  on  dry  sample,  by  weight 87.0 

Carbon   13.0 

Carbon  lost  in  ashes,  calculated  on  the  fuel 1.56 

Calorific  Value  of  Fuel  (tested  on  dry  sample) — 

Determined  in  a  bomb  calorimeter — 

Kilogram-calories  per  kilo  of  dry  fuel 6,786 

British  thermal  units  per  pound  of  dry  fuel 1 2,213 

Average  Volumetric  Analysis  of  Gas —  Volume. 

Per  cent. 

Carbonic  oxide  (CO)   n.o 

Hydrogen   (H)    27.5 

Marsh  gas  (CH4)   2.0 

Carbonic  acid  (CO?)  16.5 

Nitrogen    (N)    41.3 

Water  vapor  (H2O)    1.7 


Total  volume 100.0 

Total  combustible  gases 40.5 

Calorific  Value  of  Mond  Gas  (saturated  at  15°  C.) — 

In  kilogram-calories  per  cubic  meter 1,206.8 

In  British  thermal  units  per  cubic  foot 145-6 

Calorific  Value  of  Mond  Gas  (dry  at  o°  C.)— 

In  kilogram-calories  per  cubic  meter 1,392.2 

In  British  thermal  units  per  cubic  foot 156.3 

Weight  of  Mond  Qas  (saturated  at  15°  C.) — 

In  kilograms  per  cubic  meter .9792 

In  pounds  per  1000  cubic  feet 61.11 

Weight  of  Mond  Qas  (dry  at  o°  C.)— 

In  kilograms  per  cubic  meter 1.0371 

In  pounds  per  1000  cubic  feet 64.72 

Cubic  meters  of  gas  (of  the  above  composition)  saturated  at  15°  C.  yielded 

by  I  kilogram  of  (moist)  fuel,  having  the  analysis  given 3.828 

Cubic  feet  of  gas  as  above  (saturated  at  15°  C.)  yielded  by  i  ton  of  moist 

fuel     *I37,349 

The  equivalent  of  this  in  cubic  feet  of  gas  having  a  calorific  value  of 

140  British  thermal  units  per  cubic  foot  is 142.857 


NOTE. — i  ton  =  2240  Ibs. 

*N.  B — Coals  having  a  higher  percentage  of  carbon  than  the  sample,  the  analysis  of  which  is  given  above, 
would  yield  a  proportionately  larger  volume  of  gas  per  ton. 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


STATEMENT   OF    ANNUAL  WORKING    COST   OF    20,000    I.H.P.   PLANT    WITH    AMMONIA  RE- 
COVERY, WORKING  CONTINUOUSLY  AT  FULL  LOAD   FOR  365  DAYS   OF  24  HOURS. 


Total   Fuel    (91,250  tons*)    including  that  required    to   raise         £ 
all  necessary  steam  at  6s.   ($I.45MJ)   per  ton 27,375 

Wages  at  Producers,  boilers,  sulphate  recovery  and  evap- 
orating plants,  including  handling  of  coal  and  ashes, 
also  shipping  of  sulphate  4.§59 

Sulphuric  Acid  at  303.  ($7.271/2)  per  ton,  also  lubricants,  light- 
ing, stores,  repairs  (including  wages  and  materials  for 


d. 
o 


$132,768.75 
23,566.15 


£38,690      o      o 

.  .            29  2OO        O        O 

$187,646.50 

146  ooo  oo 

Net  cost  per  annum  

.  .  .  .     £9,490      o      o 

$41,646  oo 

Cost  of  available  gas  per  1000  cubic  feet      

Pence. 
.  .  .  .                   O.22I3 

Cents. 
0.4426 

Cost  of  one  indicated  horse  power  per  hour  

....                   O.OI33 

O.O266 

Cost  of  one  indicated  horse  power  for  one  year  of 
days  of  24   hours  .  .          

305                 s.          d. 
9      8.3 

$2.35 

//  coal  lie  taken  at  8s.  ($1.94)  per  ton  — 
Cost  of  available  gas  per  1000  cubic  feet             

Pence. 
....                  0.4371 

Cents. 
0.864 

Cost  of  one  indicated  horse  power  per  hour 

O.O262 

0.0524 

Cost  of  one  indicated  horse  power  for  one  year  of 
davs  of  24  hours  .  . 

305                    s.           d. 

IO         l.cS 

$4.64 

STATEMENT  OF  ANNUAL   WORKING  COST  OF  A   20,000   I.H.P.  PLANT  WITH   AMMONIA  RE- 
COVERY, WORKING  CONTINUOUSLY,  BUT   UNDER   A   VARIABLE   LOAD, 
WHICH   IS  EQUAL  TO   HALF  LOAD  THROUGHOUT. 

Total  Fuel  (46,125  tons*),  including  that  required  to  raise  all 

necessary  steam,  and  also  stand  by  losses  of  half  plant  when  s-      d- 

standing  for  12  hours  every  day  at  6s.  ($1.45)  per  ton 13,837     10      o          $67,112.87 

Wages  at  Producers,  boilers,  sulphate  recovery  and  evap- 
oration planl,  including  handling  of  coal  and  ashes, 
also  shipping  of  sulphate  4,133  IS  o  19,948.68 

Sulphuric  Acid  at  305.  ($7.27^)  per  ton,  also  lubricants,  light- 
ing, stores,  repairs  (including  wages  and  materials  for 


Less  1460  tons  sulphate  at  £10  ($4850)  per  ton 

£21,981     15      o 
14  600      o      o 

$106,611.47 
70  8  1  o  oo 

Net  cost  per  annum  

£7381     15      o 

$35  801  47 

Cost  of  available  gas  per  1000  cubic  feet  

Pence. 
0.3467 

Cents. 
0.6934 

Cost  of  one  indicated  horse  power  per  hour  

O.O2O8 

0.0416 

Cost  of  one  indicated  horse  power  for  one  year  of  365 
days  of  24  hours  

s.          d. 
15        2.3 

$3.68 

If  coal  be  taken  at  8s.  ($1.94)  per  ton  — 
Cost  of  available  gas  per  1000  cubic  feet       

Pence. 
0.563? 

Cents. 
I.I266 

Cost  of  one  indicated  horse  power  per  hour. 

0.0338 

0.0676 

Cost  of  one  indicated  horse  power  for  one  year  of  365 
days  of  24  hours  .  . 

£       s.          d. 
I         4            8 

$5.98 

*  NOTF..— I  ton  =  2240  Ibs.    £\  =  $4.85. 


D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


AVERAGE    ANALYSIS    AND    CALORIFIC  VALUE    OF   MONO   COMPARED 

WITH  ILLUMINATING  GAS. 


I'olninc  pf  rait-  (gases  saturated  at  15°  C.) — 

Carbonic    oxide    (CO)    

Hydrogen   (H)    

Marsh  Gas  (CH4)    

CnHs»  +  Benzol 

Carbonic  acid  (CO2)    

Nitrogen  +  moisture  (N  +  H2O) 

Total  volume  

Total  combustibles    


Mond  Gas  from 
Bituminous  Fuel. 

II. 0 

27-5 
2.0 

nil. 
16.5 
43-o 


i  oo.o 
40.S 


Calorific  value  (gas  dry  at  o°  C.) — • 

In  kilogram-calories  per  cubic  meter 1,392.2 

In  British  thermal  units  per  cubic  foot 156.3 


Ill 


London 
uminating  Gas. 

7-8 
52.9 
31.8 

S.o 
nil. 


IOO.O 

97-5 

5,823.3 
641.9 


TYPICAL  FIGURES  OF  A  1000  HORSE-POWER  MOND  GAS 

WITHOUT  AMMONIA  RECOVERY. 


INSTALLATION, 


BY  the  use  of  Mond  gas  in  gas  engines,  power  is  obtained  at  a  lower  cost  than  by  any 
other  means,   and,  in  view   of  the  growing  appreciation  of  this  fact  and  of  the  increas- 
ing numbers  of  inquiries  received  for  Mond  gas  plants  of  comparatively  small  capacity 
for  use  in  conjunction  with  gas  engines,  there  are  now  being  constructed  in  England  gas  plants 


MOND  GAS  PLANT  AT  THE  WORKS  OF  THE  PREMIER  GAS  ENGINE  CO., 
SANDIACRE,  NEAR  NOTTINGHAM,  ENGLAND. 


38  R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


of  250  H.P.  and  upwards ;  but  it  is  obvious  that  many  of  these  are  not  of  sufficient  capacity 
to  warrant  the  inclusion  of  ammonia  recovery  plant  (see  page  9).  Our  illustration,  page  37, 
shows  a  Mond  gas  plant,  equal  to  the  production  of  1000  H.P.,  now  in  use  at  the  works  of  the 
Premier  Gas  Engine  Co.,  and  on  page  32  will  be  found  a  500  H.P.  plant,  the  gas  from  which  is 
used  in  Westinghouse  gas  engines  at  Messrs.  Cadbury  Brothers'  works,  Birmingham,  England. 

These  comparatively  small  power  plants  are  capable  of  being  worked  with  a  widely  vary- 
ing load  factor  (even  clown  to  one-sixth  load)  without  sacrifice  of  economy,  and  tests  that 
have  been  made  show  that  under  extreme  conditions  the  gas  remains  practically  constant,  both 
as  to  the  composition  and  as  to  the  quantity  yielded  per  ton  of  fuel  fed  to  the  producer. 

The  following  typical  figures  show  some  average  results  obtained  from  the  working  of  a 
1000  H.P.  Mond  gas  plant : 

Slack  as  Calculated  on 

Average  Analysis  of  Fuel  (by  weight)-                                             J£^;  •&*££/ 

Moisture  at  100°  C.  (212°  F.) 8.60  nil. 

Volatile  matter   (excluding  carbon)    18.29  2O-01 

Total  carbon    62.69  68-59 

Ash    10.42  11-40 


IOO.OO  IOO.OO 

Calorific  Value  of  Fuel  (tested  on  dry  sample)— 
Determined  in  a  bomb  calorimeter. 

Kilogram-calories  pe-  kilogram  of  dry  fuel 6,786 

British  thermal  units  per  pound  of  dry  fuel 12,213 

Average  Analysis  of  Ashes  from  Producer —  Percent. 

Ash  on  dried  sample,  by  weight 86.1 

Carbon   13-9 

Carbon  lost  in  ashes 2.31 

Average  Analysis  of  Gas  (tested  when  saturated  at  15°  C.)— 

Carbonic   oxide    (CO) 13.8 

Hydrogen   (H) 24.3 

Marsh  gas  (CH,)   2.0 

Carbonic  acid   (CO=)    13.9 

Nitrogen  +  moisture  (N  +  H2O) 46.0 


Total  volume  100.0 

Total  combustible  gases   40.1 

Calorific  value  (gas  saturated  at  15°  C.)  in  kilogram-calories,  per  cubic  meter  1,284.3 

Calorific  value  (gas  saturated  at  15°  C.)  in  British  thermal  units,  per  cubic- 
foot    144.2 

Calorific  value  (gas  dry  at  o°  C.)  in  kilogram-calories,  per  cubic  meter 1.378.1 

Calorific  value  (gas  dry  at  o°  C.)  in  British  thermal  units,  per  cubic  foot. .  154.8 

The  small  power  plants  are  specially  constructed  in  such  a  way  as  to  require  only  a  mini- 
mum amount  of  labor  and  supervision,  and  it  will  be  seen  from  the  subjoined  that  the  cost  of 
labor  in  actual  practice  is  extremely  small. 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S. 


39 


STATEMENT   OF    ANNUAL  WORKING    COST    OF  A   loco  H.P.   PLANT,    WORKING    CONTINU- 
OUSLY  AT  FULL   LOAD   FOR  365  DAYS   (OF  24   HOURS). 


Total    Fuel  (4211  tons*),    including   that    required    to    raise 
steam  for  the  machinery  and   producers,   etc.  ~\  Evapo- 
ration 6J/2  pounds  per  pound  of  fuel)at  6s.  ($1.45^2)  per  ton 
Labor  — 

Three  men   (per  day  of  24  hours)   each  working  I   shift 
of  8  hours  .  .        .  . 

£ 
1,263 

246 

s.       d. 
6        0 

7       6 

$6,127.00 

Other    expenses,    including    maintenance,    repairs,    cost    of 
oil,  waste,  stores  and  sundries  

iQ1; 

12         6 

Q48   78 

Total  working  cost  per  annum  

£1,705 

6      o 

$8  270  70 

Cost  of  available  gas  per  1000  cubic  feet  

Pence. 

o  8000 

Cents. 

1.61 

Cost  of  one  indicated  horse  power  per  hour 

o  0480 

0.09696 

Cost  of  one  indicated  horse  power  for  one  year  of  365 
days  of  24  hours  

£ 
I     i 

s.         d. 

So    ^  ! 

$8.5076 

If  coal  be  taken  at  8s.  ($1.94)  per  ton  — 
Cost  of  available  gas  per  1000  cubic  feet  

Pence. 
0.9987 

Cents. 
2.OI7 

Cost  of  one  indicated  horse  power  per  hour  

0.0599 

0.  121 

Cost  of  one  indicated  horse  power  for  one  year  of  365 
days  of  24  hours.  . 

£ 

2 

s.         d. 
.?      8.0 

$10.55 

STATEMENT   OF    ANNUAL    WORKING    COST   OF  A   1000  H.P.    PLANT    WORKING    INTERMIT- 
TENTLY, SAY  300  DAYS  PER  ANNUM,  FOR  12  HOURS  PER  DAY,  AT  AN 
AVERAGE  OF  TWO-THIRDS  OF  THE  FULL  LOAD. 


Total  Fuel  (1200  tons*),  including  that  required  to  raise 
steam  for  the  machinery  and  producer  (evaporation  6l/2 
pounds  per  pound  of  fuel),  also  for  stand-by  losses  for 
65  days  of  24  hours  and  300  nights  of  12  hours  at  $1.45 
per  ton  

Labor- 
One  man  at  55.  ($1.21 )  per  day  for  300  days 

Other  expenses,  including  maintenance  repairs,  cost  of  oil, 
waste,  stores  and  sundries 


£  s.  d. 

360  o  o 

75  o  o 

118  15  o 


Total  working  cost  per  annum. 


Cost  of  available  gas  per  1000  cubic  feet 

Cost  of  one  indicated  horse  power  per  hour 

Cost  of  one  indicated   horse  power  for  one  year  of  365 
days  of  24  hours 

//  coal  be  taken  at  8s.  ($1.94)  per  ton — 

Cost  of  available  gas  per  1000  cubic  feet 

Cost  of  one  indicated  horse  power  per  hour 

Cost  of  one  indicated  horse  power  for  one  year  of  365 
days  of  24  hours 


tSS3     IS      o 
Pence. 
0.9486 
0.0569 

£    s.        d. 
3      I      6.58 

Pence. 
I.  I  200 
0.0672 

£    *.        d. 
2     9    0.67 


$1,746.00 

363.75 

575-93 
$2,685.68 

Cents. 
1.916 
O.II4 

$IO.O75 

Cents. 
2.2624 
0.1357 

$11.8960 


*  NOTE.— i  ton  =  2240  Ibs. 


40  R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 

In  cases  of  intermittent  working,  no  inconvenience  is  experienced  nor  time  wasted  in  the 
daily  stopping  and  starting  of  these  plants,  and  the  stand-by  losses  are  extremely  small. 

When  a  plentiful  supply  of  small  coke  and  breeze  from  gas  or  coke  ovens  is  available, 
the  following  figures  will  show  the  results  obtainable  in  a  non-recovery  Mond  gas  plant  from 
this  fuel : 


Average  Analysis  of  Mixed  Coke  and  Breeze — 

Moisture    

Ash    

Volatile  matter   

Carbon   


Analysis  of  Gas  Made — 
Carbonic  oxide  (CO) 

Hydrogen   (H)    

Marsh  gas  (CH«) 
Carbonic  acid   (CO-) 
Nitrogen   (N)    


Total  volume 


Total  combustible  gases   

Calorific  value  in  kilogram-calories  per  cubic  meter 

Calorific  value  in  British  thermal  units  per  cubic  foot. 


Per  cent. 

I2.S 

16.3 

3-9 

65.5 

10.8 
25.2 
0.4 
16.8 
46.8 

IOO.O 

36.4 
1,139 

127.9 


MOND  GAS  IN  GAS  ENGINES. 


IT  has  been  well  said  that,  while  the  nineteenth  century  has  been  the  era  of  the  steam  engine, 
the  twentieth  century  will  be  that  of  the  gas  engine.  Reviewing  for  a  moment  the  position 

of  the  steam  engine  to-day,  the  conclusion  is  unavoidable  that  it  is  doomed  to  be  displaced 
by  it's  more  economical  rival,  the  gas  engine.  Its  highest  development  has  resulted  in  its  capacity 
to  produce  a  horse-power  hour  from  about  one  and  a  half  pounds  of  good  steam  coal,  which 
corresponds  to  an  efficiency  of  not  more  than  twelve  per  cent,  of  the  actual  heat  energy  con- 
tained in  the  fuel.  When  moderate-sized  engines  are  considered,  say  from  100  to  200  H.P., 
the  percentage  of  efficiency  obtainable  must  be  considerably  reduced ;  and,  in  the  case  of  smaller 
engines,  of  from  20  to  30  H.P.,  it  is  even  less  than  half ;  indeed,  from  six  to  twelve  pounds  of 
fuel  are  then  usually  consumed  for  the  production  of  a  horse-power  hour. 

In  contrast  with  the  above  figures  we  have  the  modern  gas  engine,  from  which,  even  in 
the  case  of  small  powers,  an  efficiency  is  obtained  considerably  higher  than  that  resulting  from 
the  use  of  the  largest  and  most  economical  steam  engine.  One  of  the  principal  factors  that 
contributes  to  this  important  advantage  in  favor  of  the  gas  engine  is  found  in  the  more  direct 
conversion  of  the  heat  energy  contained  in  the  fuel.  In  the  case  of  the  steam  engine  the  heat 
has  first  to  be  transferred  from  the  coal  to  the  water  in  the  boiler,  and  not  until  the  heat 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A.  41 


finally  appears  in  the  form  of  steam  under  pressure,  is  it  in  a  position  to  deliver  its  energy  to 
the  piston  of  the  engine.  In  the  case  of  the  gas  engine  the  heat  is  directly  carried  into  the 
cylinder  of  the  engine  in  the  form  of  gas  without  undergoing  any  other  conversion. 

Notwithstanding  the  increased  thermal  efficiency  to  be  obtained  by  the  employment  of 
gas  engines,  their  adoption  was  until  quite  recently  restricted  to  the  employers  of  small  powers ; 
not  so  much  by  reason  of  any  inability  of  the  engineers  to  build  larger  gas  engines,  but  owing 
to  the  lack  of  a  cheap  and  suitable  gas  that  could  be  produced  from  common  fuel  in  an  apparatus 
capable  of  working  continuously  with  a  minimum  of  labor.  The  Mond  gas  plant  fulfills  all  these 
conditions,  and  constitutes  a  perfect  system  of  producing  a  cheap  power  gas  which,  when 
used  in  gas  engines,  is  undoubtedly  the  cheapest,  the  most  scientific  and  the  most  economical 
fuel  in  existence. 

Mond  gas  can  be  carried  long  distances  without  loss  or  deterioration,  while,  with  steam, 
loss  by  condensation  in  the  mains  is  unavoidable.  The  extent  of  this  loss  need  not  here  be 
dwelt  upon  at  length,  it  being  generally  recognized  that  when  steam  has  to  be  carried  any 
considerable  distance  the  cost  of  power  is  greatly  increased. 

Mond  gas  producers  respond  immediately  to  a  sudden  increase  in  demand,  while  a  steam 
boiler  must  be  allowed  time  to  increase  its  output ;  and  it  is,  moreover,  of  still  greater  impor- 
tance to  note  that  the  working  as  between  the  gas  producers  and  the  gas  engines  is  auto- 
matically controlled,  so  that  the  quantity  of  gas  produced  is  regulated  precisely  in  accordance 
with  the  demand. 

As  regards  regularity  and  reliability  in  actual  practice,  it  may  be  here  stated  that  an  engine 
working  with  Mond  gas  has  run  continuously,  day  and  night,  at  full  load,  for  six  months 
without  stopping  for  any  purpose  whatever. 

As  regards  fuel  consumption,  engines  of  varying  sizes  are  working  and  indicating  a  horse- 
power hour  on  a  consumption  of  less  than  60  cubic  feet  of  Mond  gas,  involving  the  gasification 
in  the  producer  of  less  than  nine-tenths  pound  of  common  slack.  In  cases  of  intermittent  working, 
with  varying  loads,  and  after  making  provision  for  stand-by  losses  and  steam  raising,  a  perfectly 
safe  basis  for  the  calculation  of  fuel  consumption  is  one  pound  of  fuel  per  I.H.P.  hour. 

For  large  power  stations,  where  economy  of  fuel  is  of  paramount  importance,  an  installa- 
tion for  the  production  of  Mond  gas,  and  for  the  recovery  of  ammonia  therefrom,  provides 
for  the  maximum  power  at  a  minimum  cost,  and  not  only  are  the  working  expenses  of  such 
a  power  plant  far  more  economical  than  those  of  a  steam  plant  of  the  same  capacity,  but  the 
initial  cost  of  a  complete  Mond  gas  installation  on  a  large  scale  (comprising  gas  producers, 
washers,  steam  recovery  towers,  ammonia  recovery  apparatus  and  gas  engines)  compares  very  favor- 
ably with  that  of  the  best  steam-driven  plant  of  similar  capacity,  including  therewith  the  cost 
of  the  necessary  chimney,  boiler-house  and  foundations,  engines,  boilers,  mechanical  stokers, 
condensers  and  auxiliary  machinery. 

The  thermal  efficiency  of  the  gas  engine  quoted  above  is  37.76  per  cent,  of  the  original 
calorific  value  of  the  gas  consumed,  and  in  this  connection  it  is  worthy  of  note  that  the  highest 
thermal  efficiency  ever  reached  with  producer  gas  has  been  obtained  with  a  gas  engine  of 
500  H.P.,  working  with  Mond  gas.  This  engine  will  indicate  650  H.P.  when  running  at  the 
moderate  speed  of  128  revolutions  per  minute. 


AJ.    D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


TABLE    OF    RESULTS    OBTAINED    FROM    A    ^oo    HORSE-POWER    GAS 
ENGINE  OF  THE  TANDEM   POSITIVE  SCAVENGER  TYPE 
WORKING  WITH  MOND  GAS. 

TRIAL  WITH  THE  ENGINE,  GIVING  TWO-THIRDS  OF  ITS  MAXIMUM  OUTPUT. 

Duration  of  test,  12.30  P.M.  to  5.30  P.M hours  5 

Dimensions  of  Engine- 
Two  cylinders  arranged  tandem,  each diameter,  inches  28^ 

Pump   cylinder,   for  scavenging  air 43?/2 

Length  of  stroke  inches  30 

The  engine  is  direct  coupled  to  a  Mather  and  Platt  dynamo. 

Average  revolutions  per  minute 128.05 

Load  on  engine,  as  fraction  of  maximum  output % 

Number  of  explosions  per  minute,  back  cylinder   64.02 

Number  of  explosions  per  minute,  front  cylinder  31-75 

Mean  effective  pressure,  average  for  back  cylinder pounds,  square  inch  109.1 

Mean  effective  pressure,  average  for  front  cylinder...  107.4 

Mean  effective  pressure,  average  for  pump  cylinder. .  2.55 

Indicated  horse  power,  back  cylinder 328.72 

Indicated  horse  power,  front  cylinder   160.49 

Indicated  horse  power,  grosa  total   489.21 

Indicated  horse  power,  pump  21-39 

Output  of  dynamo,  average  amperes 2320  .o 

Output  of  dynamo,  average  volts    no.i 

Electrical  horse  power  342.4 

Kilowatts    255.43 

Efficiencies- 
Electrical  efficiency  of  dynamo  per  cent.  93 

Mechanical  efficiency  of  engine,  excluding  fluid  losses "  81.22 

Brake  H.P.  at  dynamo  coupling  368.2 

Combined  efficiency,  E.H.P./I.H.P.  per  cent 70.0 

Average  temperature  of  jacket  water,  back    49"  C.  (120°  F.) 

Average  temperature  of  jacket  water,  front  37°  C.    (98°  F. ) 

Gas  used. — Total  as  measured  by  meter cubic  feet  136,100 

Temperature  of  gas  14.6°  C.  (58.3°  F.)  Barometer  29.992  inches. 

Dry  gas  at  o°  C.  and  760  mm.,  used  per  hour 25,482 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


Analysis  of  Gas— 

CO2    volume  per  cent.  16-0 

CO    : "  ""  12.2 

JI TI^. "  "  27.8 

CH "  2.2 

N    "  "  41-8 

Total  combustible  gases 42  2 

"  Higher  "  calorific  value,  including  latent  heat  of  steam — 

Kilo- calories  per  cubic  meter,  o°  C 1,432.7 

British  thermal  units  per  cubic  foot 160.9 

"  Lower"  calorific  value,  excluding  latent  heat  of  steam— 

Kilo-calorics  per  cubic  meter,  o°  C 1,280.4 

British  thermal  units  per  cubic  foot 143.8 

Cubic  Feet. 

Mond  Gas,  at  o°  C.  per  I.H.P.  hour   52.09  =  0.88  Ibs.  slack. 

Mond  Gas,  at  o°  C.  per  B.H.P.  hour 69.20=  1.17  Ibs.  slack. 

Mond  Gas,  at  o°  C.  per  E.H.P.  hour 74-42  =  1-26  Ibs.  slack. 

Mond  Gas,  at  0°  C.  per  Board  of  Trade  Unit  (kilowatt  hour) 99.76=  1.64  Ibs.  slack. 


Thermal  Efficiencies. 


Calculated  on 

"  higher  " 
calorific  value. 


Calculated  on 

"  lower" 
calorific  value. 


Calculated  on  the  I.H.P.  . 
"  B.H.P.  . 
"  E.H.P.  . 


Per  cent. 
30.38 
22.87 
21.27 


Per  cent. 
34.00 

25-59 
23.80 


44 


A5.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


Mond  gas  is  as  equally  suitable  for  use  in  small  as  in  large  engines,  and  the  following  table 
shows  the  result  obtained  over  a  period  of  two  years  with  a  60  H.P.  gas  engine  direct  coupled  to 
a  75  K.W.  Siemens  dynamo : 


Year  1898. 

Year  1899. 

Hours.  —  Total  number  of  hours  in  year  

8  760 

8  760 

Hours  gas  engine  ran  on  load  

8,356  5 

8  574.  a 

Hours  running  as  per  cent,  on  total  

95-4 

07  88 

Units  Generated.  —  1000  watt  hours  generated  and  measured  at  the 
switchboard    

558,726 

562,  8ss 

Gas  Used.  —  Cubic  feet  of  Mond  gas  supplied  to  the  engine  during 
the  year,  measured  saturated  at  the  temperature  of  the  meter 
house  

Load.  —  Average  amperes  at  100  volts  

668  5 

u/jJ4tfio5° 

fjrfi    r 

Average   E  H  P    at  switchboard     .  .              .  .         

89  6 

88  o 

Efficiency.  —  On  the  assumption  that  the  electrical  efficiency  of  the 
dynamo  is  91  per  cent,  and  the  mechanical  efficiency  of  the 
engine  is  85  per  cent.,  the  combined  efficiency  will  be  77.35 
per  cent.,  and  the  average  I.  H.P.  for  the  year  is  

1  1  5.  8 

117.  9 

Consumption  of  Gas.  —  Per  I.  H.P.  hour  

60.4  c.ft. 

69  o  c  ft. 

1.03  Ibs 

I  08  Ibs 

Per  kilowatt  hour  at  switchboard.  .                  

115.0  c.ft. 

119.6  c.ft. 

or  

3.25  ms 

3.338  ms 

Equivalent  of  slack  fed  into  producer  per  I  H  P   hour.  .  .  . 

1.79  Ibs. 

i.  86  Ibs. 

Calorific  Value  of  Gas,  in  kilo-calories  — 
Per  cubic  foot    as  measured 

^Q  2 

Per  cubic  meter    as  measured  

37-5 

Thermal  Efficiency  —  • 
Kilo  calories  supplied  per  I  H  P  hour     

Efficiency  calculated  on  I.  H.P.  per  cent  

2^  4 

24  8 

Kilo-calories  supplied  per  kilowatt  hour  ...    . 

<!    ^OO 

J.  A4O 

Efficiency  calculated  on  kilowatts  per  cent.  ... 

IQ  7 

NOTE. — The  dynamo  was  separately  excited,  and  the  current  for  the  field  magnets  is 
not  included  in  the  above  figures.  Isolated  experiments  show  the  combined  efficiency 
to  be  somewhat  less  than  that  assumed  above,  so  that  the  I. H.P.  upon  which  the  efficiency 
has  been  calculated  is  certainly  not  too  high. 

(The  above  records  were  taken  at  Messrs.  Brunner,  Mond  &  Co.'s  Winnington  Power 
House,  Northwich,  Cheshire,  England.) 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A.  4$ 

RAISING  STEAM   BY  THE  EXHAUST  GASES  FROM  GAS  ENGINES. 

IT  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  steam  required  for  the  Moncl  gas  plant  can  be  raised  by 
utilizing  the  heat  contained  in  the  exhaust  gases  leaving  the  gas  engines.  This  increased 
economy  is  an  important  consideration,  and  particularly  so  in  the  case  of  central  stations  em- 
ploying gas  engines. 

Formerly  the  heat  of  the  exhaust  gases  was  wasted,  and  the  steam  necessary  for  the  satura- 
tion of  the  producer  blast  had  to  be  raised  in  the  ordinary  way.  Results  recorded  with  a  500 
H.P.  gas  engine  show  that  by  passing  its  exhaust  gases  through  a  specially  designed  tubular 
boiler,  their  heat  can  be  so  efficiently  utilized  as  to  provide  all  the  extra  steam  required  in  the 
producer  to  furnish  the  supply  of  Mond  gas  necessary  for  the  gas  engine,  thus  increasing  the 
fuel  economy  of  the  system  by  some  20  per  cent. 

This  system  of  raising  steam  has  already  been  adopted  in  one  power  station,  where  Mond 
gas  is  used  to  drive  large  gas  engines  producing  several  thousand  horse  power,  and  no  trouble 
or  difficulty  is  experienced  in  working. 

The  system  is  destined  to  play  an  important  part  in  future  installations  where  Mond  gas 
and  large  gas  engines  are  employed. 

LIST  OF  BUILDERS  OF  LARGE  GAS   ENGINES. 

FROM  300  I.H.P.  TO  2500  I. H.P. 
IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  Alberger  Co.,  Ellicott  Square,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

The  De  la  Vergne  Co.,  Port   Morris,  New  York  City  (Korting  Engines). 

The   Otto   Gas   Engine   Co.,   Philadelphia,  Pa. 

The  Snow  Steam  Pumping  Engine  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Struthers,  Wells  &  Co.,   Warren,   Pa. 

Westinghouse  Machine  Co.,  East  Pittsburg,   Pa. 

IN  EUROPE. 

J.  E.  H.  Andrew  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  Reddish,  near  Stockport,  England. 

The   British  Westinghouse  Electric  and   Manufacturing  Co.,  Ltd.,  Trafford  Park, 

Manchester,  England. 

Borsig  &  Co.,  Tegel,  near  Berlin,  Germany. 
Campbell  Gas  Engine  Co.,  Ltd.,  Kingston,  Halifax,  England. 
Compagnie  Franchise  des  Moteurs  a  Gaz,  Paris,  France. 
Compagnie  Letombe,  Fives-Lille,  France. 
Crossley    Brothers,   Ltd.,    Openshaw,    Manchester,    England. 
Deutsche  Kraftgas-Gesellschaft,   Berlin,  Germany  (Oechelhauser  Engines). 
Fielding  &  Platt,  Ltd.,  Atlas  Iron  Works,  Gloucester,  England. 
Fraser   &   Chalmers,   Ltd.,   Erith,  Kent,  England   (Korting  Engines). 
Gas  Motoren   Fabrik  Deutz,  Coln-Deutz,  Germany. 
Gebr.  Korting,  Kortingsdorf,  near  Hanover,  Germany. 
Mather  &  Platt,    Manchester,   England    (Korting  Engines). 
The  Premier  Gas  Engine  Co.,  Ltd.,    Sandiacre,   near    Nottingham,    England. 
Richardsons,  Westgarth  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  Micldlesborough,  England  (Cockerill  Engines). 
Schweizerische   Maschinen    Fabrik.   Winterthur,    Switzerland. 
Societe  Anonyme  John  Cockerill,  Seraing,  Belgium. 
Societe  Generale  des  Industries   Economiques,  Charon,  Paris,  France. 
Tangyes,  Ltd.,  Cornwall  Works,   Birmingham,  England. 
Vereinigte    Maschinenfabrik    Augsburg  und  Maschinenbau  Gesellschaft,  Niirnberg, 

Germany. 


THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  MONO  GAS 
FROM  CENTRAL  STATIONS. 


R.   D.    Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,    U.  S.  4.  49 


THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  MONO  GAS  FROM 
CENTRAL  STATIONS. 

SOME  PARTICULARS  OF  THE  SOUTH  STAFFORDSHIRE  MONO  GAS  COMPANY 
OF  SOUTH   STAFFORDSHIRE,  ENGLAND. 

THE  company  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  manufacturing  and  distributing  Mond  gas  to 
manufacturers  and  others  throughout  the  district  which  is  denned  by  the  South  Stafford- 
shire Mond  Gas  (Power  and  Heating)  Company's  Act  of  Parliament  (1901),  and  which 
is  shown  in  the  map  on  the  following  page. 

The  area  comprises  123  square  miles,  bearing  a  population  of  some  640,000. 

The  company  is  building  central  stations,  probably  six  in  number,  throughout  the  district. 

The  first  station  will  be  capable  of  producing  daily  about  40,000,00x3  cubic  feet  of  Mond 
gas,  which  will  be  distributed  by  means  of  mains  to  the  consumers,  and  it  is  intended  to  fix 
the  prices  upon  a  basis  that  will  enable  them  to  participate  in  the  advantages  of  the  scheme  to 
the  fullest  possible  extent. 

The  advantages  to  be  derived  by  consumers  drawing  their  supply  of  Mond  gas  from  a 
central  station  are  not  confined  to  the  reduced  fuel  cost.  The  dirt  and  nuisance  arising  from  the 
carting  of  coal  and  ashes  through  the  works  disappear.  The  cost  of  repairs,  interest  on  capital 
and  other  charges  are  lessened  with  the  introduction  of  the  new  system. 

The  complete  installation  throughout  the  entire  district  will  probably  cost  a  sum  of  about 
$3,900,000  (£800,000),  and  there  is  no  doubt  but  that  South  Staffordshire  will  reap  immense 
advantages  from  the  distribution  of  Mond  gas,  placing,  as  it  does,  a  supply  of  cheap  power 
and  cheap  heating  gas  within  the  reach  of  all  classes  of  manufacturers ;  and,  indeed,  many  rep- 
resentatives of  the  iron,  steel,  glass,  firebrick  and  other  industries  gave  evidence  before  the 
Parliamentary  Committee  that  such  a  supply  of  cheap  gas  would  be  of  the  greatest  value  to 
them  as  manufacturers  and  to  the  district  as  a  whole. 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S. 


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MONO  GAS 
FOR  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS. 

ECONOMY  OF  GAS  ENGINES  FOR  CENTRAL  STATIONS. 

GAS  ENGINES  FOR  DRIVING  DYNAMOS. 

GAS  ENGINES  RUNNING  ALTERNATORS  IN  PARALLEL. 

WORKING  ESTIMATE  OF  A  20,000  E.H.P.  CENTRAL  STATION. 

THE  NORTHWICH  ELECTRIC  SUPPLY  COMPANY. 

THE  TRAFFORD  POWER  AND  LIGHT  SUPPLY  COMPANY. 


OF 


A3.  Z>.   JF<W  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  si. 


MONO  GAS  FOR  CENTRAL  ELECTRIC  STATIONS. 

THE  central  stations  which  have  so  far  adopted  power  gas  and  gas  engines  in  this  country 
are  comparatively  few  and  small.  The  reason  for  this  is  not  far  to  seek,  for  until  recently 
no  gas  producer  was  commercially  available  which  could  make  a  reliable  gas  sufficiently 
cheap  or  from  any  but  expensive  fuel,  such  as  anthracite  or  coke ;  and  secondly,  no  gas  engines 
of  large  size  had  been  in  use  for  a  sufficient  period  to  satisfy  electrical  engineers  as  to  their  suita- 
bility for  working  under  station  conditions.  These  reasons  exist  no  longer,  and  the  fuel  cost 
per  unit  of  electricity  generated  by  means  of  gas  dynamos  running  with  Mond  gas — including 
all  cost  of  labor,  repairs,  etc.,  at  the  gas  producer  and  recovery  plant — is  less  than  one-twentieth 
of  a  penny  (one-tenth  of  a  cent.)  per  unit  at  the  switchboard.  This  figure  represents  the  cost 
under  actual  conditions  of  continuous  running  and  is  arrived  at  without  allowing  full  credit  for 
the  sulphate  of  ammonia  recovered  from  the  gas  used. 

The  following  diagram  and  figures  (taken  from  Proceedings  of  the  Inst.  M.  E.,  Vol.  I,  1901) 
show  the  amount  of  heat  consumed  in  producing  one  kilowatt  hour  by  steam  and  by  Mond  gas, 
Case  I  being  very  good  actual  results  for  a  central  electric  light  station,  using  steam  engines  (the 
fuel  used  is  here  taken  as  6  Ibs.  per  unit)  ;  Case  II,  ideal  figures  for  central  electric  light  station 
(steam  power),  based  on  Professor  A.  B.  W.  Kennedy's  estimate  (viz.,  io|  Ibs.  of  water  evap- 
orated per  pound  of  coal.  8i  Ibs.  of  steam  at  engine  per  pound  of  fuel  burnt.  16  Ibs.  of  steam 
give  one  I.H.P.  hour.  Combined  efficiency  of  engine  and  dynamo  at  three-quarters  full  load  is 
77  per  cent.);  Case  III,  ideal  figures  for  continuous  running  (steam  power),  based  on  Pro- 
fessor W.  C.  Unwin's  estimate  of  2.1  Ibs.  of  coal  per  B.H.P.  hour  for  continuous  work;  an 
evaporation  of  9  Ibs.  of  steam  per  pound  of  coal,  a  5  per  cent,  loss,  and  a  dynamo  efficiency  of  93 
per  cent.  ;*  Case  IV,  actual  results  for  continuous  running,  at  Wilmington,  Cheshire,  with  Mond 
gas  used  in  gas  engines.  The  slack  used  costs  about  2s.  gd.f  ($0.66)  per  ton  at  the  pit,  when 
prices  are  normal.  Delivered  at  the  Winnington  Works  the  cost  is  about  7s.f  ($1.70)  ;  and  as 
the  gas  producers  are  worked  as  a  separate  department  this  price  is  charged  to  the  gas  engines 
for  the  gas  from  one  ton  of  slack,  the  profit  on  by-products  (after  paying  the  cost  of  working 
the  producers,  etc.)  being  retained  by  the  department.  In  the  following  diagram  fuel  has  been 
taken  at  55.  per  ton  as  an  intermediate  figure,  making  some  allowance  for  the  above  fact.  If 
exhaust  steam  is  not  available  for  use  in  the  Mond  producers  and  live  steam  has  to  be  raised 
in  steam  boilers,  then  20  to  25  per  cent,  should  be  added  to  the  amount  and  cost  of  the  fuel. 

*"  Development  and  Transmission  of  Power,"  Unwin,  page  64,  1893  edition,    f1  shilling  =  $0.245^. 


D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


TABULATION  OF  HEAT  CONSUMPTION  PER  KILOWATT  HOUR. 

47400 


44.000- 

NOTE.  —  Coal  for    steam-raising  is  taken   at   125. 

»    40,000- 

per  ton.     Slack  for  Mond  producers  is  taken  at  55. 
per  ton.     Calorific  value  of  (dry)  slack   is  6786  Ibs. 

;J    36.000- 

C.°  units  per  Ib. 

<j   32.000- 

Ifc 

27970 

28.0(X)  - 

- 

25.888 

§    24.000- 

1 

23.913 

'3    20.000- 

, 

i 

'1 

1723 

6 

^   16000- 

, 

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£    12  000- 

s> 

"v>     8.000- 

•s 

^      4.000  - 

1904 

1 

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\    19°* 

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wk  n 

0048 

$         02  - 

1              02 

10 

U         °19*    111               IV 

C^         04- 

0385;     ;       Steam                        Steam                           Steam           Large  Gas  Engine 

Engines                    Engines                       Engines          using  Mond  Gas 

2         06- 

i    !      (Actual).                   (Ideal).                       (Ideal).                 (Actual). 

08-  077^ 


IOJ 


This  extension  shows  the  actual  fuel  cost  for  the  83 
principal  electric  supply  undertakings  in  Great  Britain 
for  the  year  1898.  1.58  cents  per  unit  sold,  probably 
about  1.32  cents  per  unit  generated. 


Calorific  value  of  fuel  consumed  (at  7900  Ibs.  C.°  units  per  Ib.). 

Heat  units  in  steam  or  gas  reaching  engine. 

Heat  equivalent  of  one  kilowatt  hour  at  switchboard. 

Cost  for  fuel  used. 

HEAT  CONSUMED  TO  PRODUCE  ONE  KILOWATT  HOUR  OF  ELECTRIC 

ENERGY  AT  SWITCHBOARD. 

Calorific  value  of  coal  taken  at  7900  centigrade  heat  units. 

Calorific  value  of  slack  taken  at  6786  centigrade  heat  units  (on  dry  sample). 

Price  of  coal  taken  at  I2s.  per  ton.* 

Price  of  slack  taken  at  5s.  per  ton. 

Heat  in  i  Ib.  of  steam  at  180  Ibs.  pressure  =  666  Ibs.  centigrade  heat  units. 


Coal  used 
per  K.W. 
Hour. 

Steam  at 
Engine 
per  K  W. 
Hour 

Heat 

Units  in 
Coal. 

Heat 
Units  in 
Steam  or 
Gas. 

Cost  of  Fuel  per 
K.W.  Hour. 

Steam. 
Case      I.  —  Central  station  (good  actual). 
Case    II.  —  Central  station  (ideal)    .    .    . 
Case  III.  —  Continuous  running  (ideal)  . 

Lhs. 
6 

3-277 
3.027 

Lbs. 
42 

27.85 
25.88 

47,400 
25,888 
23,913 

27,970 
18,548 
17,236 

27,970 
18,548 
I7,236 

d. 

0.385 
O.2IO 
0.194 

Gas. 
Case   IV.  —  Actual  results  .                ... 

1.79 

11,520 

9,675 

9,675 

0.048 

\ctual  Fuel  Cost  for  167  electric  supply  stations  (on  units  sold, 
vear  1000-1002)    . 

Pence.                       CentF. 
O.OS2                      1-904 

* NOTK.— I  ton  —  2240  Ibs.    i  cwt.  =  lit  Ibs.    £i  =  24od.  =  $4.85. 


A3.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A.  55 

COST  OF  FUEL 

PER  UNIT  OF  ELECTRICITY  SOLD,  BEING  AVERAGES  TAKEN  FROM  167 
CENTRAL  STATIONS  (STEAM  POWER)  IN  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM. 


(Abstracted  from  the  Electrical  Times,  England,  Table  of  Electric  Supply  Costs  and  Records, 

page  832,  December  4,  1902.) 


COST  PER  UNIT  SOLD  OF  COAL  AND  OTHER  FUEL. 

LIMITED  COMPANIES  (1900-1902). 
METROPOLITAN-  perUnit»  perUni, 

15  Stations.     Average  Cost  Fuel  1.032^.  2.064  cents. 

PROVINCIAL — 

37  Stations.  "     1.0831*.  2.163 

LOCAL  AUTHORITIES  (1900-1902). 
METROPOLITAN — 

7  Stations.     Average  Cost  Fuel  1.0761!  2.152 

PROVINCIAL — 

108  Stations.  "  "         "      886rf.  1.772      " 

For  all  above  Stations   (steam  power). 
167  Stations.     Average  Cost  Fuel 952^.  1.904 

Equivalent  to  about  1.6 1 8  cents  (o.8oo.d.)  per  unit,  generated.  Compare  this  with  the  actual 
cost  for  Mond  gas  of  .096  (.O48d.)  per  unit  generated,  with  gas  engines  running  continuously  at 
Winnington. 

ECONOMY  OF  GAS  ENGINES 

AS  COMPARED  WITH  STEAM  ENGINES  OR  CENTRAL  STATIONS. 

DEALING  now  with  the  question  of  fuel  economy,  the  foregoing  figures  show  in  a  striking 
manner  how  much  more  economical  are  gas  engines  running  with  Mond  gas  than  are 
steam  engines  and  steam  boilers.     The  economy  is  threefold,  because   (a)   the  fuel  for 
generating  Mond  gas  is  cheaper  than  the  fuel  used  at  central  stations  for  producing  steam;  (b) 
for  a  given  expenditure  of  heat,  the  calorific  value  of  the  Mond  gas  from  the  producer  is  greater 
than  the  calorific  value  of  the  steam  from  the  boiler;  and    (c)   the  gas  engine  utilizes   the  heat 
received  much  more  efficiently  than  does  the  steam  engine.     Referring  to  the  diagram  it  will 
be  seen  that  the  actual  results  obtained  at  Winnington  are  not  only  far  superior  to  the  actual 
results  for  any  central  station  using  steam-driven  plant,  but  are  a  long  way  better  than  the  ideal 
figures  for  the  latter. 


*  NOTE.— The  word  "  unit  "  refers  lo  the  British  "  Board  of  Trade  Unit "  =  i  kilowatt  hour. 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


WORKING  ESTIMATE  OF  A  20,000  ELECTRICAL  HORSE-POWER 

CENTRAL  STATION. 

Conditions  of  Working. — Mond  Gas  Producers  and  Recovery  Plant  worked  in  conjunction 
with  gas  engines  and  dynamos.  The  electric  energy  ( i )  consumed  on  the  premises  for  an  electro- 
lytic plant,  (2)  transmitted  a  short  distance  and  sold  in  bulk  with  a  50  per  cent,  load  factor,  or 
(3)  with  a  33^  per  cent,  load  factor. 

A  gas  dynamo  at  full  load  takes  105  cubic  feet  of  Mond  gas,  at  o°  C.  to  give  one  unit  (kilo- 
watt hour).     Allowing  for  a  somewhat  reduced  efficiency  at  part  load,  and  for  driving  auxiliary 
machinery,  etc.,  the  liberal  figure  of  125  cubic  feet  per  unit  will  be  taken.     Then  i  ton  of  coal 
will  yield  gas  for  1059  units,  and  it  is  assumed  that  1000  units  are  actually  sold. 
Output — 

Number  of  units  sold  per  ton  of  slack  gasified 1,000 

Slack  cost  per  unit  sold  (pence) —  rf. 

With  slack  at     3$.  per  ton 0.036 

With  slack  at     4^.  per  ton 0.048 

With  slack  at     $s.  per  ton 0.060 

With  slack  at    6s.  per  ton 0.072 

With  slack  at     7.?.   per  ton 0.084 

With  slack  at     8j.  per  ton 0.096 

With  slack  at     QS.  per  ton 0.108 

Wilh  slack  at  ioj.  per  ton 0.120 

Working  Producers,  Recovery  and  Sulphate  Plant- 
Cost  of  discharging  and  handling  slack,  working  producers,  recovery  and  sulphate 
plant,  and  including  administration,  wages,  repairs  and  maintenance,  stores,  acid, 
lighting,  etc. 
Per  ton  of  slack  gasified 3,$.  6d. 

Value  of  Sulphate  Recovered— 

At  £10  per  ton  of  sulphate,  naked  at  works;  and  with  25  tons  of  slack  gasified, 
yielding  i  ton  of  sulphate  of  ammonia. 

Per  ton   of  slack   gasified 8s. 

Profit  due  to  Sulphate  Recovery — 

Being  credit  for  sulphate  less  working  expenses. 

Per  ton  of  slack  gasified 4^.  6d . 

or  per  unit  of  electric  energy  sold 0.0541! 

Net  Cost  of  Mond  Qas  per  Unit  sold  (pence)—  ,/ 

With  slack  at    4s.  6d.  per  ton o.ooo 

With  slack  at    $s.        per  ton 0.006 

With  slack  at    6s.        per  ton 0.018 

With  slack  at    7-r.         per  ton 0.030 

With  slack  at    &r.        per  ton 0.042 

With  slack  at     oj.         per  ton 0.054 

With  slack  at  IQJ.         per  ton 0.066 

LOAD  FACTOR. 

100  per  cent,  .no  per  cent.  33^  per  cent. 

Power  Plant  (pence  per  unit  sold)  — 

Oil ,  Waste,  and  petty  stores 0.030  o  030  0.030 

Labor  and  attendance 0.034  o  051  0.068 

Repairs  and  maintenance !  0.036  o  058  o  077 

Total  Cost  per  Unit  Sold  (pence)  — 

With  slack  at    35.  per  ton 0.082  0.121  0.157 

With  slack  at    4-f.  per  ton 0.094  o.  133  o.  169 

With  slack  at    5^.  per  ton 0.106  0.145  0.181 

With  slack  at    6s.  per  ton 0.118  0.157  0.193 

With  slack  at    75.  per  ton 0.130  0.169  0.205 

With  slack  at    8^.  per  ton i  0.142  0.181  0.217 

With  slack  at    9*.  per  ton 0.154  0.193  0.229 

With  slack  at  io.f.  per  ton o  166 0.205 0.241 

NOTE.— No  charges  on  capital  account,  rent,  rates  or  taxes  included  in  the  above  figures.     £\  —  $4.85. 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S. 


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A'.  D.   IVood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


GAS  ENGINES  FOR  DRIVING  DYNAMOS. 

BEFORE  the  year  1900  few  gas  engines  of  over  400  H.P.  were  used  direct-coupled  to 
dynamos,  but  recently  there  has  been  a  wonderful  development  in  this  direction,  and 
now  more  large  gas  engines  are  being  built  for  this  purpose  than  for  any  other.  Select- 
ing three,  out  of  more  than  twenty  manufacturers  of  gas  engines  of  200  H.P.  and  upward,  we  find 
(August,  1902)  they  have  delivered  or  partly  completed  52  gas  engines  for  driving  dynamos,  having 
a  total  of  34,150  B.H.P.,  or  an  average  of  657  B.H.P.  per  engine.  Gas  engines  for  direct-coup- 
ling to  dynamos  are  being  constructed  up  to  2500  H.P.,  and  engines  of  5000  H.P.  are  designed  and 
will  be  built  for  this  purpose.  On  account  of  its  cleanliness  and  very  great  uniformity  of  composi- 
tion and  calorific  value,  Mond  gas  is  an  ideal  fuel  for  gas  engines  driving  dynamos.  It  gives  the 
governor  a  chance  of  doing  its  duty  properly  and  permits  exact  regulation.  Indeed,  a  gas  of  uni- 
form quality  is  as  important  to  a  gas  engine  as  is  steady  boiler  pressure  to  a  steam  engine. 


GAS  ENGINES  RUNNING  ALTERNATORS  IN 

PARALLEL. 

IN  considering  the  application  of  gas  engines  to  Central  Station  work,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind 
that  the  large  Central  Station  of  the  future  will  employ  three-phase  alternating  current. 

A  short  time  ago  it  was  generally  believed  that  there  were  insuperable  difficulties  in  the  way 
of  running  gas-driven  alternators  in  parallel,  but  this  is  all  changed  now,  and  the  leading  builders 
of  gas  engines  have  numerous  examples  where  their  gas  engines  fulfill  all  the  requirements  of 
such  parallel  running  with  complete  success.  They  are,  in  fact,  prepared  to  guarantee  a  cyclical 
speed  variation  of  5^  to  ^-Q,  and  a  governor  regulation  equal  to  the  best  steam  engine  prac- 
tice. Such  guarantees  are  amply  sufficient  for  gas  engines  intended  for  direct-coupling  to  three- 
phase  machines  working  at  50  alternations  per  second.  For  power  purposes  the  tendency  is  to 
reduce  the  cycles  to  25  per  second,  so  making  the  conditions  of  parallel  running  still  more  favorable. 
Instances  can  be  quoted  where  gas  engines  with  cyclical  variations  of  j-^j,  -j^,  and  even  ^, 
have  given  good  results  in  driving  alternators  in  parallel,  the  last  mentioned  having  a  belt  drive, 
and  the  other  two  being  direct-coupled. 

Direct-coupled  sets  with  two  single-acting  gas  cylinders  have  been  used  on  alternators  which 
have  to  work  in  parallel,  but  usually  four  such  cylinders  are  used,  and  the  best  results  have  been 
obtained  with  double-acting  cylinders — either  two  or  four  in  number.  The  recent  designs  of  double- 
acting  gas  engines,  embodying  important  improvements  in  the  system  of  governing  by  regulating 
the  quantity  of  explosive  mixture  to  the  work  to  be  performed,  have  placed  gas  engines  upon  an 
equal  footing  with  steam  engines  as  regards  regularity  of  crank  efforts,  and  suitably  for  direct- 
coupling  to  alternators  in  parallel. 


?.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S. 


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60  R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


THE  POWER  HOUSE  OF  THE   NORTHWICH   ELECTRIC  SUPPLY  CO. 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A.  61 

SOME  PARTICULARS  OF  THE  NORTHWICH  ELECTRIC 

SUPPLY  COMPANY. 

THE  distinction  of  possessing  the  first  electric  station  Jo  adopt  Mond  gas  for  the  production 
of  its  motive  power  belongs  to  Northwich,  a  town  of  less  than  20,000  inhabitants.  It  was 
originally  intended  to  utilize  water  power,  but  it  was  found  that  very  considerable  economies 
both  as  regard  capital  outlay  and  working  expenses  could  be  affected  by  employing  Mond  gas. 

The  station  was  established  in  1897,  and  the  supply  of  gas  is  drawn  from  the  neighboring 
works  of  Messrs.  Brunner,  Mond  &  Co.,  the  price  charged  for  it  being  2d.  per  1000  cubic  feet. 
As  a  good  example  of  the  cleanliness  of  Mond  gas,  Mr.  W.  M.  Beckett,  A.M.I.C.E.,  one  of  the 
Directors  of  the  Northwich  Company,  reported  in  March,  1902,  as  follows :  "A  few  weeks  ago 
we  took  out  the  pistons  of  the  three  large  engines  for  the  first  time.  One  had  been  running  over 
four  years  and  another  about  three  and  a  half  years,  and  we  found  them  in  very  good  order." 

A  Table  of  Costs,  published  by  the  Electrical  Times,  London,  on  the  23d  of  January,  1902, 
shows  that  of  all  the  public  companies  supplying  electricity  in  Great  Britain,  the  Northwich 
Electric  Supply  Company's  is  the  lowest  fuel  cost  per  unit  sold. 

The  following  figures  are  abstracted  from  the  same  table  and  will  be  interesting  as  forming 
a  basis  for  comparison  of  the  cost  of  Mond  gas  with  that  of  other  fuels. 

Cost  per  Unit  sold. 
Name  of  Company.  No.  of  Units  sold.  Pence.  Cents. 

Charing    Cross    4,997,181  1.24  2.48 

City   of   London    12,472,968  1.50  3-OO 

Chelsea   1,672,026  .91  1.82 

Metropolitan    9,855,175  1.68  3.36 

Netting   Hill    782,215  .91  1-82 

Westminster    7,281,109  .95  1-9° 

Woolwich    District    253,651  1.18  2.36 

Bournemouth     675,242  1.13  2.26 

Cambridge     357,435  i-°i  2.02 

Dover    613,093  1.21  2.42 

Guilford    83,305  3.65  7.30 

Liverpool   District   102,925  1.24  2.48 

Newcastle    District    1,160.649  -79  1-58 

Newcastle-on-Tyne    1,095,519  .80  1.60 

Newmarket     46,866  1.48  2.96 

Northampton    251,153  1.38  2.76 

Northwich    88,777  -47  -94 

Norwich     1.183,675  .96  1.92 

Preston     808,358  .71  1.42 

Reading    338,256  .99  1-98 

Richmond 217,789  11.9  23.8 

The  fact  of  Northwich  being  so  small  a  town  makes  the  above  comparison  the  more  re- 
markable. These  figures  speak  for  themselves,  but  to  gauge  accurately  the  real  extent  of  the 
advantage  of  employing  Mond  gas,  it  must  not  be  overlooked  that  while  the  Northwich  Company 
purchases  its  Mond  gas  at  2cl.  per  1000  cubic  feet,  it  would  be,  in  the  case  of  a  larger  station, 
infinitely  more  desirable  and  profitable  to  generate  their  own  Mond  gas,  and  thus  reduce  their  fuel 
cost  to  the  lowest  possible  basis. 

The  cost  of  Mond  gas,  when  produced  on  a  large  scale,  is  so  low  (see  page  36)  that  a 
true  comparison  with  the  cost  of  other  fuel  can  best  be  based  upon  the  actual  results  obtained  at 


62  R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 

Messrs.  Brunner,  Mond  &  Co.'s  Works,  where  the  fuel  cost  per  unit  (K.W.  hour)  is  .096  cents 
(.0480!.).  Compare  this  fuel  cost  with  that  of  the  Liverpool  District  Company,  which  stands  at 
2.48  cents  (1.240!.)  per  unit  sold. 

The  following  is  extracted  from  the  last  general  meeting  of  the  Northwich  Company : 


"Mr.  Saner,  in  returning  thanks,  said  theirs  was  a  company  that  one  could  take  a  very 
large  amount  of  interest  in.  Not  only  was  it  a  pioneer  company  in  that  district,  but  also 
in  the  whole  of  the  kingdom,  for  from  first  to  last  there  was  not  an  atom  of  steam  used. 
They  had  adopted  Mond  gas,  and  had  set  an  example  to  the  rest  of  the  country  in  doing 
away  with  nasty  smoky  chimneys.  He  had  noticed  that  the  local  council  had  been 
complaining  of  the  smoky  chimneys  in  the  neighborhood.  If  they  would  only  persuade 
the  people  to  use  the  cheap  power  which  was  at  hand  they  could  dispense  with  the 
smoke.  They  were  supplying  the  current  at  a  lower  rate  than  either  Liverpool  or 
Manchester,  and  he  personally  knew  that  there  was  a  very  large  amount  of  saving  in  using 
it.  They  had  merely  to  turn  on  a  handle,  and  had  no  coals  to  cart  nor  cinders  to  remove; 
there  was  no  steam  time,  boiler  cleaning,  no  noise  or  dirt  of  any  description,  and,  as 
some  of  the  workmen  expressed  it,  'it  was  like  Sunday  in  the  works.'  " 


THE  EQUIPMENT  OF  THE  NORTHWICH  STATION. 

The  equipment  of  the  station  consists  of  three  generating  sets,  two  boosters,  also  driven  by  a 
gas  engine,  a  balancer  and  main  switchboard.  Each  of  the  generating  sets  consists  of  a  60 
kilowatt  dynamo  driven  by  a  100  B.H.P.  engine.  The  dynamos  are  of  the  two-pole  upright 
type,  giving  125  amperes  at  480  volts  and  are  driven  at  600  revolutions  per  minute.  The  machines 
are  shunt  wound.  Two  of  the  armatures  have  smooth  cores,  with  bar  winding  and  evolute  end 
connections ;  the  third  has  a  toothed  core.  The  brushes  are  of  copper  gauze,  three  a  side,  and  the 
bearings  have  automatic  ring  lubrication.  The  pulleys  are  two  feet  wide.  The  whole  machine  is 
mounted  on  side  rails  to  provide  for  the  adjustment  of  the  belt  tension.  The  engines  are  of 
Messrs.  Crossley's  ordinary  type,  running  at  210  revolutions  per  minute. 

The  battery  consists  of  256  elements  of  the  Chloride  type,  with  nine  plates  each,  in  glass  cells, 
and  has  a  normal  capacity  of  200  ampere  hours.  At  present  it  is  sufficient  to  take  the  whole  of 
the  night  load  after  12  P.M.  and  part  of  the  forenoon.  The  battery  is  generally  connected  with 
the  outers  of  the  three-wire  system,  and  a  balancer  is  provided  to  equalize  the  loads,  and  consists 
of  two  dynamos,  of  19  kilowatts  capacity  altogether,  with  two-pole  overtype  fields  and  toothed- 
core  armature ;  these  are  coupled  together  by  means  of  a  short  length  of  shaft,  there  being  three 
bearings  in  all. 

The  neighboring  village  of  Hartford  is  lighted  by  means  of  twenty-eight  standards  with  double 
and  treble  arms;  it  is  stated  that  Hartford  claims  the  distinction  of  being  the  first  village  in 
England  in  which  a  parish  council  adopted  electric  lighting  throughout.  The  district  is  chiefly 
residential,  with  good  houses ;  many  of  them  are  quite  two  miles  from  the  generating  station.  The 
public  lighting  circuit  consists  of  two  and  a  half  miles  of  B.I.W.  twin  lead-covered  cable,  and  is 
quite  separate  from  the  distributing  mains  for  private  lighting. 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


SOME  PARTICULARS  OF  THE  TRAFFORD  POWER 
AND  LIGHT  SUPPLY  CO. 

TRAFFORD  PARK,   NEAR  MANCHESTER,  ENGLAND. 

SOME  details  of  this 
electric  station  will 
prove  of  interest, 
for  not  only  is  it  far 
larger  than  the  North- 
wich  Station,  but  it  util- 
izes Mond  gas  in  a 
totally  different  manner. 
The  Trafford  Com- 
pany possesses  its  own 
Mond  gas  generating 
plant,  the  gas  from 
which  is  at  present  used 
entirely  for  firing  boilers 
of  the  Babcock  and  Wil- 
cox  and  Tinker  type, 
which  supply  two  sets  of 
generators,  each  of  1000 
H.P.,  while  a  third  set  is 
now  being  added.  Each 
set  consists  of  a  vertical 
steam  engine  coupled  di- 
rect to  a  multipolar  con- 
tinuous-current dynamo 
by  means  of  a  heavy 
cast-iron  flywheel,  which 
is  fixed  on  to  an  exten- 
sion of  the  crank  shaft. 
The  general  appearance 
of  the  set  is  shown  in 
our  illustration  on  page 

65- 

It  will  be  seen  that, 
apart  from  all  other  con- 
siderations, the  company 
have,  by  the  adoption  of 
gas  firing,  practically  in- 
sured themselves  against  the  waste  and  nuisance  of  black  smoke,  and  the  following  extract  from 


MOND  GAS  PLANT  AT  THE  TRAFFORD  TOWER  AND  LIGHT  SUPPLY 
COMPANY'S  CENTRAL  STATION. 


64  £.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 

the  Manchester  Nezvs,  24th  of  January,  1902,  seems  to  show  that  some  additional  incentive  to 
the  Trafford  Company  was  furnished  by  the  activity  of  the  local  authorities,  whose  example 
might  perhaps  be  more  generally  followed  to  advantage. 


BLACK  SMOKE  IN  TRAFFORD  PARK. 


MONO    GAS    AS    A    PREVENTIVE. 


THE  Trafford  Power  and  Light  Company,  Limited.  Trafford  Park,  were  summoned  to 
the  Manchester  County  Police  Court,  to-day,  for  disobeying  an  order  of  the  Court, 
made  in  October,  1900,  for  the  abatement  of  smoke  nuisance. 

Mr.  Hawkins,  who  represented  the  Company,  admitted  the  offense,  but  explained  that 
further  complaints  would  be  obviated  when  the  Mond  gas  plant,  which  was  being  erected, 
had  got  into  working  order.  He  promised  that  in  a  fortnight's  time  the  Mond  gas  would 
be  in  use  for  the  purpose  of  firing  up,  and  there  would  then  be  no  black  smoke. 

On  this  explanation  Mr.  W.  Goldthorpe,  the  Chairman,  adjourned  the  case  for  a 
month. 

In  the  case  of  W.  T.  Glover  &  Company,  Trafford  Park,  a  similar  explanation  was 
offered  by  Mr.  Hawkins.  The  Mond  gas  would  shortly  be  connected  up  from  the 
previous  defendants'  works,  and  the  nuisance  would  not  occur  again.  This  case  was  also 
adjourned  for  a  month. 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


MONO  GAS  FOR  STEEL  MAKING. 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,    U.  S.  A.  69 


MONO  GAS  FOR  STEEL  MAKING. 

THE  question  of  using  washed  gas  for  steel  meltmg~is  one  which  has  claimed  the  attention 
of  manufacturers  both  in  the  United  States  and  Europe. 

It  is  well  known  that  Mond  gas  is  a  particularly  clean  gas,  and  a  question  naturally 
arises  as  to  the  possibility  of  obtaining  from  it  so  high  a  temperature  as  is  obtained  from 
ordinary  producer  gas  from  which  the  tar  has  not  been  separated  nor  the  ammonia  recovered. 

As  to  the  question  of  tar,  it  has  already  been  explained  (see  page  24)  how  a  considerable 
proportion  of  it  is  turned  to  a  fixed  gas  in  the  producer-bell,  from  which  it  passes  into  the  main 
body  of  the  gas  produced.  The  flame  produced  by  Mond  gas  is  not  so  luminous  as  if  the 
particles  of  tar  were  present  to  be  burnt ;  it  is,  nevertheless,  sufficiently  so  to  enable  the  actual 
burning  of  the  gas  to  be  very  clearly  seen  by  the  furnace  men,  who  can  make  their  adjustments 
accordingly. 

It  may  here  be  noted  that  the  use  of  clean  gas  prevents  the  flues,  etc.,  from  becoming  blocked 
up  with  dust  and  tar. 

As  regards  the  extraction  of  ammonia  from  the  gas,  this  is  of  no  consequence  whatever, 
as  must  be  readily  recognized  when  it  is  remembered  that  in  the  ordinary  gas  producers  at 
present  in  general  use  for  steel  melting,  the  ammonia  is  not  burnt  with  the  gas  in  the  furnaces, 
but  is  practically  all  destroyed  in  the  body  of  the  producer  as  soon  as  it  is  formed. 

The  cooling  of  Mond  gas  in  contact  with  water  has  no  appreciable  effect  upon  the  combus- 
tion temperature  attainable,  and  actual  results  show  that  the  temperature  reached  is  quite  as 
high  as  when  hot  uncleansed  producer-gas  is  used ;  in  short,  the  intensity  of  the  heat  produced 
in  a  furnace  fired  by  Mond  gas  is  all  that  can  be  desired  for  rapid  steel  melting. 

A  Mond  gas  plant  may  be  installed  in  steel  works  either  with  or  without  ammonia  recovery. 
In  the  latter  case  the  plant  is  very  much  simplified,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  the  large  revenue  from  the 
sulphate  is  of  course  not  obtained.  If  the  plant  is  worked  without  recovery  of  sulphate  of  ammonia, 
the  advantages  to  be  derived  over  ordinary  producers  are,  in  the  first  place,  a  greater  efficiency — 
20  to  25  per  cent,  of  the  original  fuel  being  saved  in  accomplishing  the  same  amount  of  work ; 
secondly,  production  of  clean,  washed  gas  that  may  be  carried  any  distance  without  deposit ;  thirdly, 
a  reduction  of  the  percentage  of  sulphur  contained  in  the  gas ;  fourthly,  a  substantial  saving  of 
labor  at  the  producer  and  low  cost  of  repairs ;  and  there  are  also  many  other  minor  advantages  with 
this  producer  which,  in  the  aggregate,  become  an  important  factor. 

The  following  are  some  particulars  of  results  obtained  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Darby  in  a  3-ton  regenera- 
tive furnace,  measuring  12  feet  between  the  blocks. 

The  best  performance  was  a  complete  charge  in  7  hours  35  minutes,  thus  working  rather 
faster  than  three  charges  per  day  of  twenty-four  hours.  No  hitch  of  any  kind  occurred  in 
working  this  furnace,  nor  did  any  trouble  develop  itself  with  the  washed  gas. 

The  steel  made  contained  from  0.14  to  0.45  per  cent,  of  carbon,  50  per  cent,  containing  under 
0.2  per  cent,  of  carbon. 


7o 


D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


The  average  analysis  of  nine  cases  gave  the  following  results: 

Carbon 0.240  per  cent. 

Silicon 0.038        " 

Sulphur 0.039 

Phosphorus 0.037 

Manganese 0.457 

The  mechanical  test  of  twelve  samples  of  the  steel  containing  from  0.16  to  0.22  per  cent, 
of  carbon  gave  the  following  results: 


Cast  No. 

Carbon. 
Percent. 

Diameter. 
Inches. 

Breaking 
Strain  per 
Sq.  In. 

Elongation'  Percentage 
in  8  In.      of  Contrac- 
Per  cent. 

Limit  of 
Elasticity 
per  Sq.  In. 

Tons. 

Area. 

Tons. 

20/1 

0.17 

I;J4 

25.6 

35 

50 

16.4 

2 

25-5 

32 

51 

16.4 

2S/I 

O.22 

25-8 

35 

53 

16.6 

2 

27.6 

32 

53 

17.0 

30/1 

0.16 

2S.8 

36 

53 

16.4 

2 

25.8 

33 

53 

15-9 

35/1 

0.16 

25-4 

33 

56 

16.7 

2 

25.2 

35 

56 

16.1 

40/1 

0.18 

27-3 

32.5 

53 

17.6 

2 

27.1 

33 

53 

17-3 

4I/I 

0.17 

26.2 

35 

53 

17.1 

2 

26.3 

34 

51 

174 

There  were  no  skulls  in  the  ladle  from  the  beginning  to  the  end  of  the  experiment,  the 
metal  always  being  hot  and  settling  quietly  in  the  molds. 

During  the  experiment  forty-one  charges  were  converted  into  steel.  Average  time :  charging, 
18  minutes;  melting,  3  hours  9  minutes;  working,  5  hours  39  minutes.  Average  duration  of 
charge,  9  hours  6  minutes.  Shortest  time  taken,  including  charging  and  repairs,  7  hours  35 
minutes.  Total  make  of  steel,  99  tons  3  cwt.  Yield  on  the  metals  charged,  95.33  per  cent. 


Description. 

Weight  of 

Materials  charged. 

Used  per  Ton 
of  Steel 

Hematite  pig  iron  .... 

Tons       Cwt. 
79          I0 

23              12 

o          16 
16          10 

Qrs. 
3 

3 

2 
O 

Lbs. 
o 

o 

2 
O 

Cwt. 
16.04 

4-77 
Lbs. 

I8.7 
Cwt. 

3-39 

Ferro-manganese     .... 
Iron  ore  

One  of  the  points  of  difference  observed  between  the  Mond  gas  in  the  steel  furnace  and 
ordinary  producer  gas  is  the  considerable  length  of  the  flame.  In  a  shorter  furnace  than  the 
one  referred  to  sufficient  gas  could  not  be  kept  on  without  reaching  right  across  from  port  to  port. 
With  the  furnace  of  the  size  given  the  gas  seemed  to  thoroughly  expend  itself,  and  kept  the 
steel  at  a  satisfactory  temperature  during  the  whole  operation  with  apparently  a  very  small  con- 
sumption of  gas.  The  bath  seemed  to  boil  all  over  equally,  and  as  an  indication  of  the  equal 


D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S. 


temperature  in  the  furnace  may  be  mentioned  the  fact  that  the  circulation  of  the  slag  floating 
on  the  metal,  which  is  generally  toward  the  incoming  gas,  apparently  in  this  case  ceased  alto- 
gether; or,  if  there  was  any  circulation,  it  was  in  the  same  direction  as  the  gas  in  the  furnace. 

It  has  been  shown  conclusively  that  Mond  gas  is  entirely  satisfactory  for  the 
manufacture  of  the  softest  kinds  of  steel,  and  that  it  does  not  contaminate  the  metal  with  sulphur. 

In  the  following  table,  No.  i  is  the  analysis  of  the  Mond  gas,  taken  before  it  entered  the 
regenerative  chambers ;  No.  2  is  the  analysis  of  the  same  gas  after  it  had  passed  the  regenerator 
and  been  heated.  The  comparative  calorific  value  is  given  in  each  case.  Average  analysis  of 
ordinary  Wilson  producer  gas,  which  is  being  employed  continually  for  the  manufacture  of  steel 
before  entering  the  regenerator,  and  of  the  same  gas  after  it  has  passed  the  regenerator  and 
been  heated,  have  been  given  before.  The  great  difference  in  composition  will  be  noted.  In 
the  Mond  gas  there  is  a  great  fall  in  the  percentage  of  hydrogen  and  a  rise  in  the  carbonic 
oxide,  while  the  carbonic  acid  has  been  materially  reduced.  In  the  ordinary  producer  gas  the 
reverse  takes  place  as  far  as  the  hydrogen  is  concerned,  the  carbonic  oxide  is  increased,  while 
the  marsh  gas  and  carbonic  acid  are  diminished.  It  seems  probable  in  the  case  of  the  ordinary 
producer  gas  that  the  hydrogen  is  partly  increased  at  the  expense  of  the  decomposition  of  the 
marsh  gas  and  olefines,  and  that  the  carbonic  oxide  is  increased  by  the  decomposition  of  part 
of  the  carbonic  acid  by  liberated  carbon  from,  the  decomposed  hydrocarbons.  The  results  are 
the  average  of  those  obtained  by  two  separate  chemists,  and  they  agree  within  the  limit  of 
experimental  error. 

The  alteration  in  the  composition  of  producer  gases,  when  raised  to  a  high  temperature,  is 
a  question  of  great  importance.  There  would  seem  to  be  a  tendency  to  form  one  composition  at 
which  producer  gases  most  easily  maintain  themselves  when  highly  heated,  the  composition  of 
the  Mond  gas  after  heating  being  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  the  ordinary  producer  gas  in 
general  use  in  steel  works. 


Mond  Gas. 

Ordinary  Producer  Gas. 

No.  1 
Before 
Regenerator. 

No.  2 
After 
Regenerator. 

No.  1 
Before 
Regenerator. 

No.  2 
After 
Regenerator. 

Carbonic  anhydride   . 
Carbonic  oxide    .    .   . 

17-8 
10.5 
0.7 
2.6 

24.8 

43-6 

10.5 
21.6 

0.4 

2.O 
17.7 

47-8 

7.63 

21.73 
i.  06 

3-05 
12.60 
53-80 

5-19 

24.79 
.41 

i-33 
19.17 
48.98 

Methane 

Hydrogen  

Nitrogen   ..... 

Calorific  value  .... 

IOO.O 

IOO.O 

99.87 

99.87 

1430 

1444 

1487 

1524 

It  has  been  frequently  stated  that  non-luminous  gas  would  not  work  satisfactorily  in  the 
steel  furnace.  Before  heating,  Mond  gas  burns  with  a  non-luminous  flame.  In  the  steel  furnace, 
however,  the  men  found  no  difficulty  in  working  with  it,  and  it  seemed  in  practice  when  highly 
heated  to  burn  with  a  brilliant  white  flame,  and  possibly  the  change  in  composition  in  the 
regenerators  may  have  something  to  do  with  this,  as  in  every  case  examined  the  gas  contained 
finely  divided  carbon,  which  was  deposited  on  the  walls  of  the  apparatus.  Great  care  was 
exercised  in  making  the  various  analyses  given,  and  they  are  in  almost  all  cases  the  average  of  a 
large  number  made. 


SOME  OTHER  DIRECTIONS  IN  WHICH 
MONO  GAS  MAY  BE  APPLIED. 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


MONO  GAS  FOR  FIRING  BOILERS. 

IT  is  now  generally  recognized  that  the  results  obtainable  from  a  given  quantity  of  fuel,  when 
burnt  under  steam  boilers  in  conjunction  with  the  best  modern  steam  engines,  are  far  inferior 

to  those  obtained  by  first  gasifying  the  fuel  and  using  the  gas  in  gas  engines.  There  are, 
however,  many  cases  in  which  the  surrounding  circumstances  render  the  employment  of  steam 
boilers  imperative  and,  under  such  conditions,  the  following  advantages  obtainable  by  firing  with 
Mond  gas  are  worthy  of  careful  consideration : 

A  large  proportionate  economy  of  labor  is  secured. 

The  cost  of  repairs  to  the  boiler  is  reduced  to  a  minimum. 

The  life  of  the  boiler  is  lengthened  owing  to  the  regularity  of  the  temperature  preventing 
the  alternate  strains  of  expansion  and  contraction  inseparable  from  the  heating  and  cooling  action 
of  coal  firing. 

In  cases  of  intermittent  working,  better  value  is  obtained  from  all  the  fuel  consumed,  for  with 
coal  firing  it  is  impossible  to  avoid  waste  from  banking  flues  and  from  forcing  fires. 

Gas  firing  helps  you  over  the  peak  of  the  load,  and  saves  fuel  during  times  of  standing-by. 

The  smoke  nuisance  is  completely  obviated. 

Where  large  quantities  of  fuel  are  used,  the  ammonia  in  the  gas  can  be  recovered,  yielding 
a  return  of  about  $1.10  per  ton  of  fuel  gasified,  after  providing  for  all  expenses  connected  with 
the  ammonia  recovery  plant. 


IN  GLASS  WORKS. 

Mond  gas  is  an  ideal  fuel  for  glass  works,  since  the  bulk  of  the  sulphur  contained  in 
the  fuel  is  removed ;  and  its  cleanliness  renders  it  especially  suitable  for  melting  glass  in  open 
pots,  and  to  a  great  extent  obviates  the  necessity  of  using  covered  pots  where  purity  of  color 
is  of  importance. 

It  is  most  economical  and  efficient  where  high  temperatures  and  large  bulks  of  material  are 
dealt  with,  as  in  tanks  for  sheet  glass,  etc. 

It  is  equally  suitable  both  for  the  harder  glasses,  viz.,  crowns,  etc.,  and  for  the  softer 
grades,  flints,  etc.,  and  owing  to  the  ease  with  which  it  is  regulated  and  to  the  constancy  of 
its  composition,  it  is  especially  adapted  for  flattening  sheets,  and  for  all  kinds  of  glass  blowing, 
as  well  as  for  that  most  difficult  of  glass  works  operations,  viz.,  annealing. 


76 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S. 


REHEATING  FURNACES  FIRED  WITH  MOND  GAS  AT  THE 
FARNLEY  IRON  COMPANY'S  WORKS. 


IN  IRON  AND  STEEL  WORKS. 

For  melting  steel   (see  page  69). 

For  heating  iron  piles  for  mill  furnaces. 

For  heating  steel  ingots. 

For  firing  forging  furnaces. 

Fo'r  annealing  and  tempering  armor  plates. 

For  puddling  iron. 

For  heating  ship  and  boiler  plates. 

For  plate  bending. 

For  welding  and  flanging  iron  and  steel 

tubes. 

For  firing  rivet  and  bolt-making  furnaces 
For  heating  steel  billets. 
For  spring  making  and  tempering. 
For  annealing  iron  and  steel  sheets. 
For  annealing  iron  and  steel  wire. 
For  heating  plates  for  flanging  and  dishing,  etc.,  etc. 

IN  FOUNDRIES. 

For  use  in  core  stoves. 

For  drying  molds. 

For  drying  pipe  molds  in  pits  or  on  bogies. 

For  firing  crucible  furnaces  for  melting  brass,  steel,  malleable  iron,  etc. 

For  heating  ladles. 

For  annealing  castings. 

IN  METAL  WORKS. 

For  heating  brass  and  copper  muffles  for  plates  and  sheets. 
For  heating  tube  muffles. 
.    .For  melting  metal  in  crucibles. 

For  annealing  brass  and  copper  sheets,  tubes  and  wire. 

For  tempering  and  hardening  steel. 

For  case-hardening,  tinning  and  japanning. 

For  heating  enameling  ovens  and  soldering  irons. 

For  heating  stoves. 

IN  CHEMICAL  WORKS. 

For  furnace  work  of  all  kinds. 

For  distilling  and  evaporating  liquors,  tar,  oil,  varnish,  etc. 

NOTE. — Mond  gas  is  used  for  some  of  the  most  delicate  operations  in  chemical  works  with  complete  success. 


R.   D.    Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,   Pa.,    U.  S.  A.  77 

IN  BREWERIES. 

For  firing  coppers  and  stills. 
For  evaporating  liquors.    . 
For  drying  malt  and  grain. 

IN  CHINA,  EARTHENWARE  AND  FIRECLAY  WORKS. 

For  firing  kilns  for  porcelain  and  china  glazed  ware. 

For  firing  kilns  for  earthenware. 

For  firing  kilns  for  glazed  fireclay  articles ;  bricks,  tiles  and  sanitary  ware. 

For  firing  kilns  for  ordinary  fireclay  goods,  such  as  bricks,  slabs,  ornamental  tiles  and  pots. 

For  firing  kilns  for  terra-cotta  ware. 

For  firing  kilns  for  blue  or  other  hard  bricks  and  tiles. 

NOTE. — The  regularity  of  the  temperature  produced  by  Mond  gas  reduces  loss  from  breakages  and  wastes 
to  a  minimum. 

IN  ELECTROLYTIC  WORKS. 

For  use  in  gas  engines  to  generate  electric  energy. 

IN  BLEACHING,  DRYING  AND  DRESSING  WORKS. 

For  all  heating  purposes. 

For  drying  cloth  and  all  textile  goods. 

IN  GAS  WORKS. 

For  firing  coal-gas  retorts. 

In  the  course  of  a  discussion  at  the  Institution  of  Engineers  in  Scotland,  both  Mr.  W.  Foulis 
and  Mr.  Alexander  Wilson  were  able  to  speak  from  a  lengthy  experience  of  the  use  of  fuel  gas 
for  retort  heating  purposes  at  Glasgow.  The  latter  gentleman  stated  that  at  the  Dawsholm  Gas 
Works  there  were  more  than  two  hundred  producers,  though  many  of  them  were  small ;  while 
Mr.  Foulis  said  that  at  the  new  Provan  Gas  Works  the  whole  of  the  retorts  are  to  be  heated 
by  means  of  producers  placed  outside  the  retort  house.  In  Mr.  Foulis's  opinion,  no  one  having 
experience  of  heating  by  gas  would  ever  go  back  to  open  fires ;  and  he  has  no  doubt  whatever  that 
gas  will  be  the  fuel  of  the  near  future. — From  The  Journal  of  Gas  Lighting,  London,  May  20,  1902. 

FOR  SMELTING. 

For  roasting  and  calcining  ores. 

For  smelting  and  refining  copper,  zinc,  etc. 


SULPHATE  OF  AMMONIA. 


I 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  4.  81 


SULPHATE  OF  AMMONIA. 

T  has  already  been  pointed  out  that  the  most  important  of  the  by-products  resulting  from  the 
manufacture  of  Mom!  gas  is  sulphate  of  ammonia,  and  the  method  of  its  recovery  is  explained 
on  page  24. 


OATS  OVER  SIX  FEET  HIGH. 

Sulphate  of  Ammonia  is  one  of  the  most  potent  manures  known,  and  there  is  a  steady  and 
increasing  demand  for  it,  both  for  home  consumption  and  for  import.  The  advantages  to  the  crops 
attendant  upon  its  use  may  be  shortly  stated  as  follows : 

LARGELY  INCREASED  PRODUCTION. 
BETTER  QUALITY  OF  THE  CROPS. 
BETTER  FEEDING  PROPERTIES. 
BETTER  KEEPING  QUALITIES. 

Nitrogenous  manures  are  not  required  for  clover,  bean,  pea,  or  any  other  leguminous  crop, 
their  nitrogen  being  drawn  from  the  air;  but  for  every  other  crop  sulphate  of  ammonia  is  the  best 
purely  nitrogenous  material  that  can  possibly  be  used.  We  reproduce  a  photograph  of  a  field  of  oats 
which  were  grown  with  sulphate  of  ammonia,  and  which  measured  over  6  feet  in  height;  and  on 
page  83  we  have  a  giant  crop  of  mangels  also  so  grown. 

It  has  proved  itself  to  be  of  immense  service  in  market-gardening;  I'idc  our  illustration  of  a 
potato  crop.  It  gives  very  beneficial  results  in  floriculture,  and  has  been  proved  to  be  the  most 
valuable  of  all  sources  of  nitrogen  in  fruit  culture. 


82  R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 

The  Sulphate  of  Ammonia  Committee,  4,  Fenchurch  Avenue,  London,  E.G.,  issues  a  series 
of  interesting  pamphlets  on  the  subject,  and  we  are  indebted  to  them  for  the  views  here  repro- 
duced. 


POTATO  CROP 

The  following  are  the  London  market  prices  of  Sulphate  of  Ammonia  between  September, 
1901,  and  September,  1902: 

Per  Ton  F.  O.  B. 

September,    1901    £10  17^.  6d.  to  in    os.  od. 

March,   1902    in  ids.  3d.  to  in  i&r.  prf. 

April,  1902 £12  6s.  3d.  to  £12    &s.  prf. 

June,   1902   ii2  js.  6d.  to  £12  los.  od. 

September,    1902    £12  2s.  6d.  to  £12    75.  6d. 

The  total  production  of  Sulphate  of  Ammonia  in  England  during  the  year  1901  was  about 
220.000  tons  from  all  sources,  'viz. : 

Tons. 

Gas   Works 148,500 

Iron  Works   16,000 

Shale     36,500 

Coke  and  Carbonizing  Works  and  Mond  Gas 19.000 


220,000 

A  comparison  with  the  output  of  the  previous  five  years  shows  a  steadily  increasing  pro- 
duction : 

Tons. 

1896  191 .000 

1897   198,000 

1898   196.500 

1899   205.500 

1900  21,3,000 

There  is  no  doubt  but  that  the  advantages  to  agriculturists  arising  from  the  use  of  Sulphate 
of  Ammonia  are  now  better  appreciated  in  England,  and  while  about  two-thirds  of  last  year's 
total  production  was  exported,  the  home  consumption  amounted  to  the  substantial  total  of  68,000 
tons. 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


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MISCELLANEOUS   REPRINTS. 


A5.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A.  91 


MISCELLANEOUS  REPRINTS. 


FIGHTING  MONO  GAS. 

(An  unsolicited,  testimonial.) 

Reprinted  from  The  Manchester  Guardian,  May  8,  1902. 
MANCHESTER  CITY  COUNCIL. 

Mr.  Alderman  Gibson  moved  a  resolution  to  reduce  the  price  of  gas  used  for  motive 
or  power  purposes  by  gd.  per  thousand  cubic  feet — i.e.,  from  2s.  pd.  to  2s.  within  the  city 
and  from  33.  to  2s.  3d.  without  the  city.  It  would  be  admitted,  Mr.  Gibson  said, 
that  the  cheaper  the  price  at  which  a  manufacturer  could  purchase  power  for  his 
machinery  the  better  able  he  would  be  to  compete  with  others,  the  more  labor  he  would 
be  likely  to  employ,  and  the  better  it  would  be  for  the  community  all  round.  But  there 
was  another  reason  why  the  Gas  Committee  recommended  this  reduction  in  price,  and 
that  was  the  advent  of  Mond  gas.  Mond  gas  had  come  to  stay — (hear,  hear) — and  there 
was  no  doubt  that  it  could  be  manufactured  and  supplied  for  power  purposes  at  something 
like  3d.  per  1000.  It  might  be  that  four  or  five  times  the  quantity  of  Mond  gas  would 
be  required  as  an  equivalent  for  a  given  quantity  of  ordinary  gas;  but  even  then  the 
Mond  gas  would  be  exceedingly  cheap,  and  it  was  necessary  for  the  Committee  to  place 
themselves  in  a  position  to  fairly  compete  with  the  Mond  gas  undertaking  that  had  been 
established  already  in  Trafford  Park.  The  Mond  gas  had  obtained  the  right  to  supply  an 
area  of  135  square  miles  in  the  Black  Country  in  spite  of  most  determined  opposition  on 
the  part  of  every  gas  company  and  corporation  in  that  district,  and  although  they  in 
Manchester  might  say  that  they  could  not  allow  any  other  company  to  put  down  mains 
because  the  streets  were  already  overcrowded,  that  would  not  have  much  weight.  Man- 
chester could  not  play  a  dog-in-the-manger  policy,  and  they  could  not  prevent  Parliament 
from  doing  what  had  been  done  in  the  Black  Country  unless  they  demonstrated  that  they 
themselves  were  prepared  to  provide  all  that  was  wanted  in  the  way  of  cheap  power  for 
business  purposes.  Personally,  Mr.  Gibson  added,  he  would  be  glad  to  reduce  the  price 
of  gas  all  round;  but  that  was  not  at  present  possible,  and  he  could  only  say  that  the 
Gas  Committee  would  take  the  very  earliest  opportunity  that  offered  itself  for  taking 
some  such  step  as  they  could  take  consistently  with  their  obligation  to  pay  £50,000  annually 
to  the  relief  of  the  rates. 

Mr.  Alderman  Briggs  seconded  the  resolution. 

Mr.  Heenan  said  that,  speaking  as  a  manufacturer  and  not  as  a  councillor,  it  would 
be  a  very  good  thing  for  trade  if  they  could  create  competition  between  the  chairman 
of  the  Electricity  Committee  and  the  chairman  of  the  Gas  Committee.  He  thought  the 
chairman  of  the  Gas  Committee  had  overstated  the  weakness  of  his  enemy,  the  Mond 
gas.  He  knew  that  Mond  gas  could  be  produced  at  a  tenth  of  a  penny  per  horse 
power  per  hour.  He  thought,  therefore,  that  the  Corporation  would  do  well  to  reduce  the 
price  of  gas  for  power  to  is.  6d.  or  even  is.  a  thousand.  He  did  not  think  they  would  lose 
by  the  transaction.  On  the  contrary,  if  they  did  not  look  out  he  feared  the  time  was 
not  far  distant  when  they  would  meet  with  great  opposition  from  the  use  of  Mond  gas. 


92  /?.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 

MISCELLANEOUS  REPRINTS  (Continued). 


SOUTH  STAFFORDSHIRE  MINES  DRAINAGE. 

Reprinted  from  The  Birmingham  Post,  May  8,  1902. 
THE  MONO  GAS  QUESTION. 

Yesterday  afternoon  a  meeting  of  the  Commissioners  was  held  at  the  Drainage 
Offices,  Dudley.  Colonel  J.  B.  Cochrane,  who  presided,  moved  the  adoption  of  the 
reports,  a  summary  of  which  has  appeared  in  the  Post,  remarking  that  during  the  month 
there  had  been  a  decrease  in  the  quantity  of  water  pumped.  The  rapidity  with  which 
repairs  had  been  executed  at  the  new  engine  at  the  Mond  station  demonstrated  the  im- 
portance of  having  duplicates  of  all  parts  of  pumps  liable  to  breakage. 

In  seconding  the  resolution,  Alderman  R.  Williams  was  gratified  to  find  that  there 
had  been  a  reduction  in  the  cost  of  fuel  at  the  Deepfields  engine.  He  noticed  that  they 
had  not  heard  anything  about  Mond  gas  lately.  They  were  looking  to  it  for  the  salvation 
of  the  Commission,  and  were  not  only  expecting  to  be  supplied  with  a  motive  power  at 
a  less  cost,  but  to  get  rid  of  the  abominable  smoke  in  the  atmosphere. 

The  Chairman  remarked  that  Mond  gas  could  be  made  very  quickly,  but  the  plant 
necessary  to  manufacture  it  required  a  long  time  to  construct.  The  land  had  been  bought 
for  the  first  instalment,  and  he  believed  that  arrangements  had  been  made  for  the  manu- 
facture of  the  plant  for  the  first  station,  but  that  was  as  far  as  the  Mond  Gas  Company 
had  gone  at  present.  It  was  a  very  big  task  to  canvass  all  the  manufacturers  of  the  district 
to  see  how  far  and  where  the  gas  would  be  used.  It  was,  of  course,  important  to  the 
Mond  Gas  Company  that  they  should  lay  down  their  mains  where  the  gas  was  most  likely 
to  be  wanted,  and  they  desired  that  the  first  installation  in  the  district  should  be  a  success. 
The  matter  was  in  the  hands  of  the  engineer,  who  helped  the  bill  through  Parliament, 
and  he  was  instructed  to  get  the  fullest  information  possible  for  the  directors  of  the  Mond 
Gas  Company  so  that  they  could  proceed  with  the  work  without  any  delay. 


SOOT   IN   THE  ATMOSPHERE   OF  TOWNS. 

Reprinted  from  The  Mechanical  Engineer,  April  12,  1902. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Manchester  section  of  the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry  last  week 
Mr.  W.  Irwin  gave  some  interesting  particulars  respecting  the  amount  of  suspended  soot 
in  the  atmosphere  of  that  city,  deduced  from  observations  he  made  during  the  heavy 
snowfall  which  occurred  in  February.  A  sample  of  snow,  which  had  been  lying  on  the 
ground  for  ten  days  at  a  point  about  three  miles  from  the  center  of  the  city  was  melted, 
and  the  dry  residue  weighed  and  analyzed.  This  was  found  to  be  equivalent  to  10.7  pounds 
per  acre,  or  a  little  over  three  tons  to  the  square  mile  for  the  ten  days  and  consisted  of 
48.6  per  cent,  carbon,  6.9  per  cent,  of  greasy  matter  and  44.5  per  cent,  ash;  while  another 
sample,  analyzed  by  Dr.  Knecht,  of  the  Technical  School,  and  taken  from  near  the  center 
of  the  city,  disclosed  about  three  times  the  amount  revealed  by  Mr.  Irwin's  analysis,  or 
nearly  one  ton  per  square  mile  per  day.  The  figures  furnish  eloquent  evidence  of  the 
extent  to  which  the  smoke  nuisance  exists  in  large  towns,  and  how  much  remains  to  be 
done  in  the  way  of  its  suppression  before  the  atmosphere  of  the  town  can  favorably  com- 
pare with  that  of  the  country. 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


MISCELLANEOUS  REPRINTS  (Continued). 


THE  ECONOMY   OF  GAS-FIRED  FURNACES. 

Reprinted  from  The  Iron  and  Coal  Trades'  Review,  April  18,  1902. 

Messrs.  Ruston,  Proctor  &  Company,  of  Lincoln,  who  are  intending  to  build  a  new 
works,  have  recently  been  making  inquiries  with  regard  to  the  relative  economy  of  gas- 
fired  and  coal-fired  furnaces.  Their  representatives  have  visited  Scotland  and  procured 
figures  in  regard  to  the  weight  of  plates  that  could  be  heated  in  a  certain  number  of 
hours,  the  quantity  of  coal  used,  and  the  price  of  coal,  with  a  view  of  getting  the  cost  of 
•heating  each  ton  of  plates.  They  saw  a  furnace  which  was  gas-fired,  of  about  the  same 
dimensions  as  the  one  they  were  firing  with  coal  at  Lincoln,  and  on  the  ordinary  coal- 
fired  furnace  they  were  heating  17  tons  of  plates  in  a  week  of  53  hours.  The  coal  consumed 
was  6  tons  14  cwt.,  and  the  price  of  coal  was  us.  6d.  per  ton.  Consequently,  the  cost  of 
heating  those  plates  ran  up  to  45.  sd.  per  ton.  The  gas-fired  furnace  heated  45  tons  in 
the  week  of  53  hours,  the  coal  consumption  being  II  tons  10  cwts.,  and  the  price  of  coal 
used  was  8s.  6d.  per  ton,  so  that  the  cost  of  heating  the  plates  in  the  gas-fired  furnace 
was  25.  2d.,  as  against  45.  5d.  per  ton. 

At  Messrs.  A.  Macmillan  &  Sons,  Limited,  of  Dumbarton,  a  test  was  made  a  few 
days  ago  with  regard  to  the  time  required  for  heating  certain  angle  bars  in  a  new  gas-fired 
furnace  recently  erected,  and  it  was  found  that  the  angle  bars  could  be  perfectly  heated 
in  from  15  to  16  minutes,  whereas  previously  the  time  for  the  same  class  of  work  was  35 
minutes.  That  was  distinctly  in  favor  of  the  gas-fired  furnace.  Very  similar  information 
has  been  obtained  from  Messrs.  Workman,  Clark  &  Company,  Limited,  of  Belfast.  They 
are  heating  channel  bars  9  in.  by  3^  in.  by  3^  in.  in  20  minutes,  the  length  of  the  bars 
being  about  60  ft.  This  information  emphasizes  the  fact  that  reheating  by  producer 
gas  can  be  done  more  thoroughly,  and  in  much  less  time,  and  also  that  a  cheaper  class 
of  fuel  could  be  used  than  was  usually  the  case  with  coal-fired  furnaces. 


R.  D.    Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,   Pa.,    U.  S.  A. 


INDEX 


Advantages  of  Mond  Gas IS.  16 

Alternators  in  Parallel  driven  by  Gas  Engines.  .  .  58 
Ammonia— See  Sulphate  of  Ammonia. 

Analyses  of  Ashes  35.  38 

Analyses  of  Fuel  35,  38,  40 

Analyses  of  Mond  Gas 35,  37,  38,  40,  43 

Analysis  of  Steel  made  with  Mond  Gas 70 

Analysis  of   Mond   Gas  produced   from  a   Non- 
Recovery   Installation    4° 

Analysis    of    Illuminating    Gas    compared    with 

Mond  Gas  37 

Analysis  of  Mond  Gas  compared  with  Illuminat- 
ing Gas    37 

Bleaching,    Drying    and    Dressing    Works,    Ad- 
vantages of  Mond  Gas  in  77 

Boilers,  Advantages  of  Firing  with  Mond  Gas. .  .  75 
Boilers,  Life  of,  Lengthened  by  use  of  Mond  Gas,  16 
Breaking  Strain  of  Steel  made  with  Mond  Gas.  .  70 

Breweries,  advantages  of  Mond  Gas  in 77 

Calorific  Value  of  Fuel  35.  38 

Calorific    Value    of    Illuminating    Gas    compared 

with  Mond  Gas  37 

Calorific  Value  of  Mond  Gas  (dry) 35,  38 

Calorific  Value  of  Mond  Gas  (saturated) 35,  38 

Calorific  Value  of  Mond  Gas  compared  with  Illu- 
minating Gas   37 

Calorific  Value  of  Mond  Gas  compared  with  Wil- 
son  Producer   Gas 71 

Calorific  Value  of  Mond  Gas  per  cubic  foot  ....     15 
Calorific   Value   of   Wilson    Producer   Gas   com- 
pared with  Mond  Gas  71 

Carbon,  proportion  of  in  Steel  made  with  Mond 

Gas    70 

Carbonic  Acid  in   Illuminating  Gas 37 

Carbonic  Acid   in   Mond  Gas    35,  37.  38,  40,  42 

Carbonic  Acid  in  Mond  Gas  from  Mixed  Coke 

and  Breeze   40 

Carbonic  Anhydride  in  Mond  Gas  71 

Carbonic  Anhydride  in  Wilson  Producer  Gas.  ...  71 
Carbonic  Monoxide,  small  percentage  of  in  Mond 

Gas    16 

Carbonic  Oxide  in  Illuminating  Gas 37 

Carbonic  Oxide  in  Mond  Gas...  35,37,38,40,43,71 
Carbonic  Oxide  in  Mond  Gas  from  Mixed  Coke 

and   Breeze   40 

Central    Electric    Station,    20,000    Horse    Power. 

with  Gas  Engines,  cost  of  Mond  Gas  in 56 

Central    Electric    Station.    20,000    Horse    Power, 
Value  and   Profit  of  Sulphate  of  Ammonia 

Recovered    56 

Central    Electric    Station.    20,000    Horse    Power, 
with  Gas  Engines  and  Mond  Gas,  Working 

Estimate  for  56 

Central    Electric    Station.    20.000   Horse    Power, 

with  Gas  Engines  and  Mond  Gas,  wages  cost,     56 
Central   Electric   Stations,  Economy  of  Gas  En- 
gines in,  compared  with  Steam  Engines 55 

Central  Electric  Stations,  Mond  Gas  for 51-65 

Central  Electric   Stations   with   Mond  Gas,   Cost 

of  Fuel  per  Unit  of  Electricity  55 


Central_Electric  Stations,   Heat  Consumption  in 

per  Kilowatt  Hour  with  Mond  Gas 54 

Central     Stations,     Distribution     of     Mond     Gas 

from    47-5O 

Chemical  Works,  advantages  of  Mond  Gas  in. ...     76 
China,  Mond  Gas  invaluable  in  manufacture  of,  16,  77 

Cleanliness  produced  by  use  of  Mond  Gas 9 

Coal,  Mond  Gas  obtained  per  ton  of 1 1 

Coal,  common,  used  for  Mond  Gas 9 

Contraction  of  Area  per  cent,  in  Steel  made  with 

Mond  Gas   70 

Cost  of  Mond  Gas  per  Thousand  Cubic  Feet.  ...     15 

Cost  of  Production  reduced  by  Mond  Gas 9 

Cubic  Feet  of  Mond  Gas  obtained  per  Ton  of 

Coal  ii 

Cyclical   Exchange   of    Heat,   with    Recovery   of 

Steam  24,  26 

CnHi.n  +  Benzol  in  Illuminating  Gas 37 

CnH2n  -j~  Benzol  in  Mond  Gas 37 

Development  of  Mond  Gas  1 1 

Dis:ribution  of  Mond  Gas  by  Pipes 16 

Distribution  of  Mond  Gas  from  Central  Stations, 

1 6,  47-50 

Dross  used  for  Mond  Gas   9 

Dynamos,  driven  by  Gas  Engines  58 

Dynamos,  Alternators  in  Parallel  driven  by  Gas 

Engines    58 

Earthenware  works,  advantages  of  Mond  Gas  in,     70 
Econpmv  of  Gas  Engines  in  Central  Electric  Sta- 
tions as  compared  with  Steam  Engines 55 

Economy  of  Gas-fixed  Furnaces  93 

Economy  of  using  Mond  Gas 9 

Economy  of  Mond  Gas  from  Cyclical  Exchange 

of  Heat  and  Recovery  of  Steam 24,  26 

Economy  of  Mond  Gas  for  Power  over  Steam..  40.  41 
Economy   in  utilizing   Exhaust  Gases  from   Gas 

Engines  to   Raise   Steam 45 

Efficiencies  of  Gas  Engines  with  Mond  Gas.  ...   15,  42 
Efficiency  of  Gas  Engines  over  Steam  Engines,  40,  41 

Efficiency  produced  by  Mond  Gas 9 

Electrolytic  Works,  advantages  of  Mond  Gas  in,     77 

Elongation  of  Steel  made  with  Mond  Gas 70 

Estimates  furnished  for  Mond  Gas  Installations,       9 

Ethylene  in  Mond  Gas  71 

Ethylene  in  Wilson  Producer  Gas 71 

Evaporation  by  Mond  Gas n 

Even  Temperature  insured  by  Mond  Gas 16 

Exhaust  Gases  from  Gas  Engines,  Raising  Steam 

by  use  of  45 

Facts  about  Mond  Gas  15,  16 

Fireclay  Works,  Mond  Gas  invaluable  in   77 

First  Installation  of  Mond  Gas  1 1 

Foundries,  Advantages  of  Mond  Gas  in 76 

Fuel,  Common  Coal  or  Dross  used  for  Mond  Gas,      9 
Fuel    Consumption    in    Standard   Mond   Gas   In- 
stallations, with  Horse  Power  evolved 9 

Fuel,  Cost  of  in  typical  Mond  Gas  Installations,  36.  39 
Fuel,  Cost  of  per  Unit  of  Electricity  sold  in  Cen- 
tral Electric  Stations  with  Mond  Gas 55 

Fuel  cost  of  Mond  Gas  per  Horse  Power  Hour.  .     15 


D.   IVood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


INDEX  .—Continued. 


Fuel,  High  Power  from  by  using  Mond  Gas. ...  15 

Fuel  Losses  reduced  by  using  Mond  Gas 15 

Fuel,  mixed  Coke  and  Breeze,  Analysis  of 40 

Fuel  used  to  Best  Advantage  in  form  of  Mond 

Gas    9 

Furnaces,  Economy  of  Gas-firing  in  90 

Gas,  Mond,  Cost  of  per  thousand  Cubic  Feet  in 

Typical  Installations   36, 39 

Gas  Engine,  60  Horse  Power  with  Dynamo,  Re- 
sults obtained  from  use  of  Mond  Gas  in. ...  44 
Gas  Engine,  500  Horse  Power,  Results  obtained 

from  use  of  Mond  Gas  in 42,  43 

Gas  Engines  driving  Alternators  in  Parallel 58 

Gas  Engines  driving  Dynamos  58 

Gas  Engines,  Economy  of  in  Central  Electric  Sta- 
tions as  Compared  with  Steam  Engines....  55 
Gas  Engines,  Efficiencies  of  with  Mond  Gas. . .  42,  44 
Gas  Engines,  Efficiency  of  over  Steam  Engines,  40,  41 

Gas  Engines  (large),  List  of  Builders  of 45 

Gas  Engines,  Mond  Gas  in 15,  40-44 

Gas  Engines,   total   Horse   Power  running  with 

Mond  Gas  15 

Gas  Works,  Advantages  of  Mond  Gas  in 77 

Glass   and   Glazed   Earthenware,   Mond   Gas   in- 
valuable in  manufacture  of  16 

Glass  Works,  Advantages  of  Mond  Gas  in 75 

Heat    Consumption    per    Kilowatt    Hour    with 

Mond  Gas  in  Central  Electric  Stations 54 

Heating   by   Mond   Gas n 

Heating  Value  of  Mond  Gas 15 

High  Temperatures  obtained  by  Regeneration...  16 
Horse  Power  from  Standard  Mond  Gas  Installa- 
tions with  Fuel  Consumption  9 

Horse-power  Hour,  from  Mond  Gas,  cost  of. .  36,  39 
iHorse-power  Hour  from   Mond  Gas,  Fuel  cost 

of  IS 

Horse-power  Year,  from  Mond  Gas,  cost  of. .  36,  39 

Hydrogen  in  Illuminating  Gas  ." 37 

Hydrogen  in  Mond  Gas 35,37,38,40,43,71 

Hydrogen  in  Mond  Gas  from  Mixed  Coke  and 

Breeze    40 

Hydrogen  in  Wilson  Producer  Gas 71 

Illuminating    Gas,    Analysis    of   compared    with 

Mond  Gas  37 

Illuminating   Gas,   Calorific   Value   of  compared 

with  Mond  Gas  37 

Illuminating  Gas,  Carbonic  Acid  in 37 

Illuminating  Gas,  Carbonic  Oxide  in  37 

Illuminating  Gas,  CnH2n  +  Benzol  in 37 

Illuminating  Gas,  Hydrogen  in   37 

Illuminating  Gas,  Marsh  Gas  in   37 

Illuminating  Gas,  Nitrogen  -f-  Moisture  in 37 

Installations   of   Mond    Gas,   list   of,    with    Coal 

Capacity  and  Horse  Power 12 

Installations,  Standard,  for  Mond  Gas ;  Fuel  Con- 
sumption in  and  Horse  Power  Evolved....  9 
Intermittent  Load.  Fuel  Losses  from  reduced  by 

using  Mond  Gas  15 

Intermittent  Working,  Fuel  Losses  from  reduced 

by  using  Mond  Gas 15 

Iron    and    Steel    Works,    Advantages    of    Mond 

Gas  in  •. 76 

Labor  Saved  in  producing  Mond  Gas 15 


Lighting  by  Mond  Gas  1 1 

Limit  of  Elasticity  in  Steel  made  with  Mond  Gas,    70 
Manganese,   proportion   of   in    Steel    made   with 

Mond  Gas  70 

Marsh  Gas  in  Illuminating  Gas 37 

Marsh  Gas  in  Mond  Gas 35,  37,  38,  40 

Marsh  Gas  in  Mond  Gas  from  mixed  Coke  and 

Breeze    40 

Marsh  Gas  in  Wilson  Producer  Gas 71 

Mechanical  Tests  of  Steel  made  with  Mond  Gas,     70 

Metal  Works,  Avantages  of  Mond  Gas  in 76 

Methane — See  Marsh  Gas. 

Moisture  in  Mond  Gas 35,  40 

Mond  Gas,  Advantages  of  and  Facts,  About,  15,   16 
Mond  Gas,  Advantages  of  for  Bleaching,  Drying, 

and  Dressing  Works  77 

Mond  Gas,  Advantages  of  for  Breweries 77 

Mond  Gas,  Advantages  of  for  Chemical  Works,     76 
Mond  Gas,  Advantages  of  for  China,  Earthen- 
ware, and  Fireclay  Works   77 

Mond  Gas,  Advantages  of  for  Electrolyte  Works,     77 
Mond  Gas,  Advantages  of  for  Firing  Boilers. ...     75 

Mond  Gas,  Advantages  of  for  Foundries  76 

Mond  Gas,  Advantages  of  for  Gas  Works 77 

Mond  Gas,  Advantages  of  for  Glass  Works 75 

Mond   Gas,   Advantages   of  for   Iron   and   Steel 

Works    .. 76 

Mond  Gas,  Advantages  of  for  Metal  Works....     76 

Mond  Gas,  Advantages  of  for  Smelting  77 

Mond  Gas,  Analysis  of  Compared  with   Illumi- 
nating Gas 37 

Mond  Gas,  Analysis  of  Compared  with  Wilson 

Producer   Gas    71 

Mond  Gas,  Calorific  Value  of  per  cubic  foot. ...     15 
Mond   Gas,    Calorific   Value   of   Compared   with 

Illuminating  Gas  37 

Mond   Gas,   Calorific   Value   of   Compared   with 

Wilson  Producer  Gas  71 

Mond  Gas,  Carbonic  Acid  in 35,  37,  38,  40,  42 

Mond  Gas,  Carbonic  Anhydride  in 71 

Mond  Gas,  Carbonic  Oxide  in 35,  37,  38,  40,  42,  71 

Mond  Gas,  Cleanliness  produced  by 9 

Mond  Gas,  Cost  of  per  Thousand  Cubic  Feet. ...     15 
Mond  Gas,  Cost  of  in  20,000  Horse  Power  Cen- 
tral Electric  Station  with  Gas  Engines 56 

Mond  Gas,  Cubic  Feet  of  per  Ton  of  Coal n 

Mond  Gas,  Cubic  Feet  of  per  Ton  of  Slack 14 

Mond  Gas,  CnH?n  +  Benzol  in 37 

Mond  Gas,  Distribution  of  by  Pipes 16 

Mond   Gas,   Distribution    of    from   Central    Sta- 
tions      47-50 

Mond  Gas,  Economy  of  over  Steam  40,  41 

Mond  Gas,  Economy  produced  by 9 

Mond    Gas,    Efficiencies    of    Gas    Engines    run 

with    42,  44 

Mond  Gas,  Efficiency  produced  by  9 

Mond  Gas,  Ethylene  in 71 

Mond  Gas,  Even  Temperature  insured  by 16 

Mond  Gas,   First  Installation   and  Development 

of    ii 

Mond  Gas  for  Central  Electric  Stations 51,65 

Mond  Gas  for  Gas  Engines 15,  40-44 

Mond  Gas  for  Heating   1 1 

Mond  Gas  for  Lighting  . .  ^ n 


D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


97 


INDEX  —Continued. 


Mond  Gas  for  Manufacture  of  Glass,  China,  and 

Glazed   Earthenware   16 

Mond  Gas  for  Power  1 1 

Mond  Gas  for  Steel  Making 67-71 

Mond  Gas  for  Steel  Making,  Analysis  of  com- 
pared with  Wilson  Producer  Gas 71 

Mond  Gas  from  Dross   IS 

Mond  Gas  from  Mixed  Coke  and  Breeze,  Analy- 
sis of  40 

Mond  Gas  from  Mixed  Coke  and  Breeze,  Car- 
bonic Acid  in  4° 

Mond  Gas  from  Mixed  Coke  and  Breeze,  Car- 
bonic Oxide  in  40 

Mond  Gas  from  Mixed  Coke  and  Breeze,  Hydro- 
gen in  40 

Mond  Gas  from  Mixed  Coke  and  Breeze,  Marsh 

Gas  in    4° 

Mond  Gas  from  Mixed  Coke  and  Breeze,  Nitro- 
gen in  40 

Mond  Gas  from  Slack 15 

Mond  Gas  from  Non-Recovery  Installation  with 
Mixed  Coke  and  Breeze.  Analysis  of  with 

Analysis  of  Fuel  Used  40 

Mond  Gas,  Fuel  Cost  of  per  Horse-power  Hour,     15 

Mond  Gas,  Fuel  Losses  reduced  by  using 15 

Mond  Gas,  Heating  Value  of 15 

Mond  Gas,  Hydrogen  in  35,  37.  38,  40 

Mond   Gas,   High   Power  obtained   from   in  Gas 

Engines    IS 

Mond  Gas^  in  Gas  Engines,  Total  Horse  Power 

in  use  IS 

Mond  Gas,  Life  of  Boilers  lengthened  by  using. .     16 

Mond  Gas,  Labor  Saved  in  producing 15 

Mond  Gas,  Marsh  Gas  in 35,37,38,40,43,71 

Mond  Gas,  Moisture  in  35 

Mond  Gas,  Nitrogen  in   35,  40,  42,  71 

Mond  Gas,  Nitrogen  -(-  Moisture  in 37,  38 

Mond  Gas,  Origin  of 10 

Mond  Gas,  Production  of  and  Recovery  of  Am- 
monia    17-32 

Mond  Gas,  Quantity  of  needed  per  Horse-power 

Hours IS 

Mond  Gas,  Regular  in  Composition 16 

Mond  Gas,  Repairs  reduced  by  use  of 16 

Mond  Gas,  Reprints  concerning 91,  92 

Mond  Gas,  Results  obtained  from  in  60  Horse- 
power Gas  Engine  with  Dynamos 44 

Mond  Gas,  Results  obtained  from  in  500  Horse- 
power Gas  Engines 42,  43 

Mond  Gas,  Small  Proportion  of  Carbon  Mon- 
oxide in  16 

Mond  Gas,  Smoke  Nuisance  abolished  by  use  of,     16 
Mond  Gas,  Standard  Installations  for,  Fuel  Con- 
sumption and  Horse  Power  evolved 9 

Mond   Gas  used   in   Northwich   Electric   Supply 

Co 61,  62 

Mond  Gas,  used  by  Trafford  Power  and  Supply 

Co . 63,64 

Mond  Gas  Installation,  1000  Horse  Power  with- 
out Ammonia  Recovery,  Working  Figures 

for    37,  38 

Mond  Gas  Installation,  1000  Horse  Power  with- 
out Ammonia  Recovery,  continuous  Full 
Load,  Working  Cost  of  39 


Mond  Gas  Installation,  1000  Horse  Power  with- 
out Ammonia  Recovery,  Intermittent  Work- 
ing at  Two-thirds  Load,  Working  Cost  of . .     39 
Mond  Gas  Installation,  20,000  Horse  Power  with 

Ammonia  Recovery,  Working  Figures  of. . .     35 
Mond  Gas  Installation,  20,000  Horse  Power  with 
Ammonia  Recovery  Continuous,   Full  Load, 

Working  Cost  of 36 

Mond  Gas  Installation,  20,000  Horse  Power  with 
Ammonia     Recovery,     Continuous    Variable 

Load,  Working  Cost  of  36 

Mond  Gas  Installations,  estimates  furnished  for,       9 
Mond  Gas  Installations,  List  of,  with  Coal  Ca- 
pacity and  Horse  Power  1 1 

Mond  Gas  Installations,  Quick  Starting  of 15 

Mond   Gas   Installations,   Total   Capacity  of  per 

day    15 

Mond      Gas      Installations,      Typical      Working 

Figures   of    33, 44 

Mond  Gas  Installations  with  Ammonia  Recovery, 

Quantity  of  Steam  required  per  Ton  of  Fuel,     22 
Mond  Gas  Installations,   without  Ammonia  Re- 
covery, Quantity  of  Steam  required  per  Ton 

of  Fuel  22 

Nitrogen  in  Mond  Gas  35,  37,  43,  71 

Nitrogen   in    Mond   Gas   from   Mixed   Coal   and 

Breeze  40 

Nitrogen  in  Wilson  Producer  Gas 71 

Nitrogen  -|-  Moisture  in  Illuminating  Gas 37 

Nitrogen  +  Moisture  in  Mond  Gas 37,38 

Northwich  Electric  Supply  Co.,  particulars  of,  61,  62 
Old    Methods    and    New    Methods    in    Power  . 

Plants    85,  88 

Origin  of  Mond  Gas  n 

Phosphorus,   proportion   of  in   Steel   made   with 

Mond  Gas  70 

Power  from  Mond  Gas   1 1 

Power  from   Slack  in   form  of   Mond   Gas  per 

Ton    15 

Process   of  Production   of   Mond   Gas   and  Re- 
covery of  Ammonia  I7"32 

Quick  Starting  of  Mond  Gas  Installations 15 

Raising  Steam  by  the  Exhaust  Gases  from  Gas 

Engines    45 

Regeneration  with  Mond  Gas  secures  High  Tem- 
peratures         16 

Regular  Composition  of  Mond  Gas 16 

Repairs  reduced  by  use  of  Mond  Gas 16 

Reprints  Concerning  Mond  Gas 91,  92 

Silicon,  proportion  of  in  Steel  made  with  Mond 

Gas    70 

Slack,  Cubic  Feet  of  Mond  Gas  per  Ton  of 15 

Slack  used  for  Mond  Gas   15 

Slack,  Horse-power  Hours  per  Ton  of  in  form 

of  Mond   Gas    15 

Smelting,  Advantages  of  Mond  Gas  for 77 

Smoke    Nuisance    Abolished    by    Use    of    Mond 

Gas   9,  16 

Soot  in  the  Atmosphere  of  Towns  (reprint)  ....     92 

Stand-by  Loss  reduced  with  Mond  Gas 15 

Steam,  Large  Proportion  of  recovered  from  Hot 

Mond  Gas  24,  26 

Steam  raised  by  the  Exhaust  Gas  from  Gas  En- 
gines        45 


R.  D.   Wood  &  Co.'  Philadelphia,  Pa,,   U.  S.  A. 


INDEX  —Continued. 


Steam  required  per  Ton  of  Fuel  in  Mond  Gas 
Installations,  with  and  without  Ammonia 
Recovery  22 

Steel  made  with  Mond  Gas,  Analysis  and  Me- 
chanical Tests  of  70 

Steel  made  with  Mond  Gas,  Breaking  Strain  of,     70 

Steel  made  with  Mond  Gas,  Contraction  of  Area 

per  cent 70 

Steel  made  with  Mond  Gas,  Elongation  of 70 

Steel  made  with  Mond  Gas,  Limit  of  Elasticity 

in  70 

Steel  made  with  Mond  Gas,  proportion  of  Carbon 
in  70 

Steel  made  with  Mond  Gas,  proportion  of  Man- 
ganese in  70 

Steel  made  with  Mond  Gas,  proportion  of  Phos- 
phorus in  70 

Steel  made  with  Mond  Gas,  proportion  of  Sili- 
con in  70 

Steel  made  with  Mond  Gas,  proportion  of  Sul- 
phur in  70 

Steel  made  with  Mond  Gas,  Yield  on  Charge  per 
cent 70 

Steel  making  with  Mond  Gas 67-71 

Sulphate  of  Ammonia,  Advantage  of  as  a  Fer- 
tilizer    79-83 

Sulphate  of  Ammonia,  Economy  in  Saving....  9,  16 

Sulphate  of  Ammonia  obtained  per  Ton  of  Coal,     II 

Sulphate  of  Ammonia,  production  of  Mond  Gas, 

with  Recovery  of  17-32 

Sulphate  of  Ammonia,  Value  and  Profit  of  re- 
covered from  a  20,000  Horse-power  Central 
Electric  Station  56 

Sulphur,  proportion  of  in  Steel  made  with  Mond 
Gas  70 

Sulphuric  Acid,  cost  of  in  Typical  Mond  Gas  In- 
stallation    36 

Sundry  Expenses  in  Typical  Mond  Gas  Installa- 
tions   ". 36,  39 


Trafford  Power  and  Supply  Co.,  particulars  of,  63-64 
Variable    Load,    Fuel    Losses    from    reduced    by 

using   Mond    Gas 15 

Wages,  Cost  of  in  Typical  Mond  Gas  Installa- 
tions    36,  39 

Wages,  cost  of  in  a  20,000  Horse-power  Central 

Electric    Station    56 

Waste  prevented  by  Mond  Gas   16 

Weight  of  Mond  Gas   (dry)    35 

Weight  of  Mond  Gas  (saturated) 35 

Wilson    Producer    Gas,    Analysis    of    Compared 

with   Mond   Gas    71 

Wilson  Producer  Gas,  Carbonic  Anhydride  in.  .     71 

Wilson  Producer  Gas,  Carbonic  Oxide  in   71 

Wilson  Producer  Gas,  Ethylene  in  71 

Wilson  Producer  Gas,  Hydrogen  in   71 

Wilson  Producer  Gas,  Marsh  Gas  in  71 

Wilson  Producer  Gas,  Nitrogen  in   71 

Working  cost  of  1000  Horse-power  Mond  Gas 
Installation  without  Ammonia  Recovery. 

Continuous  Full  Load    39 

Working  Cost  of  1000  Horse-power  Mond  Gas 
Installation  without  Ammonia  Recovery. 
Intermittent  Working  at  Two-thirds  Load.  .  39 
Working  Cost  of  20,000  Horse-power  Mond  Gas 
Installation  with  Ammonia  Recovery.  Con- 
tinuous Full  Load  36 

Working  Cost  of  20,000  Horse-power  Mond  Gas 
Installation  with  Ammonia  Recovery.  Con- 
tinuous Variable  Load  36 

Working  Estimate  of  a  20.000  Horse-power  Cen- 
tral Electric  Station  with  Grs  Engine  and 

Mond    Gas 56 

Working  Figures  of  Mond  Gas  Installations.  .   31-44 
Working    Figures    of    1000    Horse-power    Mond 
Gas     Installation      without     Ammonia     Re- 
covery     37,  38 

Working  Figures  of  20,000  Horse-power  Mond 
Gas  Installation  with  Ammonia  Recovery. .  35 


A'.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


99 


DESIGNING  AND 

CONSTRUCTING 

ENGINEERS  OF 


GAS  HOLDERS 


ONE  TO  Six  LIFTS 
WITH  OR  WITHOUT 

STEEL  TANKS. 


AND 


GAS  WORKS  APPARATUS. 


FOUR    LIFT   GAS   HOLDER   AND    STEEL  TANK. 
5,000,000  cubic  feet  capacity. 


DESIGNED   AND    BUILT    FOR 


NEW  YORK  AND  EAST  RIVER  GAS  LIGHT  Co. 

Tank,  190'  diameter  x  50'  deep.     Largest  Rivets,  i&"  diameter  x  6"  long,  driven  by  I5o-ton  Portable 

Hydraulic  Riveter. 

Frame  also  riveted  in  position  by  light,  portable  hydraulic  machines. 
Total  height  of  structure,  260  feet. 


100 


.  D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S. 


Centrifugal  Pumps. 


(SEND  FOR  SPECIAL  CATALOGUE.) 


For 

Dry  Dock, 

Wrecking, 

Sewage, 

Brewery, 

Marine. 


For 

Dredging, 

Cofferdam, 

Liquors, 

River, 

Oils. 


Belt  Driven  or  Direct  Connected  with  Gas,  Steam  or  Electric  Power 

-FOR  — 

Circulating,  Irrigation,  Contractors,  Filtration, 

Sugar  House,  Placer  Mining,  Mine  Sinking,  House,  Municipal,  Factory, 
Mill,  Bilge,  Drainage  and  Kindred  Uses. 


A>.  D.   IVood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A.  101 


60"  x  60"  x  60"  Y.    WEIGHT  57,000  LBS. 


Large  Loam  Castings  of  Every  Description. 


Apparatus  for  Chemical  and  Sugar  House  Work, 
Filters,  Tanks,  Etc. 


102 


A*.   D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S. 


mm. 


GATE,  FOOT  AND  CHECK  VALVES;  MATHEWS'  FIRE  HYDRANTS. 


R.  D.   JVood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  "S.  A. 


IOJ 


CAST  IRON  PIPE. 


I"  to  72". 

FOR  WATER  AND  GAS  MAINS,  SKWERS,  CULVERTS,  ETC. 
A  full  line  of  all  Regular  Sizes  usually  in  stock. 
PRICES  ON  APPLICATION. 

Iiii/niries  should  state  size,  kind,  approximate  quantity  and  weight  of 
Pipe,  or  pressure  under  which  they  will  be  used ;  and  if  possible  the 
intended  service,  delivery  desired,  etc. 

CUTTING-1N   SPECIALS. 


REDUCED   SPECIALS. 


STANDARD    FLANGE  PIPE  AND   SPECIAL  CASTINGS. 

Send    for    Circular. 
Works  at  Millville,  Florence  and  Camden,  N.   f. 


104 


D.   Wood  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,   U.  S.  A. 


TRIPLE  EXPANSION  PUMPING  ENGINES. 

BOTH  VERTICAL  AND  HORIZONTAL  DESIGN. 


LJIGH   duty  pumping-  engines  of  both  the  crank  and   fly-wheel  and  direct- acting  types  for 
water  works,  irrigation  and  mine  service.     Designed  to  combine  highest  economic  duty 
and  efficiency  with  greatest  reliability  and  utmost  simplicity. 

Estimates  and  drawings    (either  exact  or   preliminary)   furnished  upon  application  with 
statement  of  requirements  to  be  fulfilled. 


Wood,  R.D 


gas- 


M7W8 


i  o 


